美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质课件

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1、 FDAFDA对药物杂质的控制对药物杂质的控制(kngzh)(kngzh)(kngzh)(kngzh)要求要求Dr.George MaDr.George Ma马小波博士马小波博士马小波博士马小波博士(bsh)(bsh)Toronto, CANADAToronto, CANADA多伦多市,加拿大多伦多市,加拿大多伦多市,加拿大多伦多市,加拿大国家食品药品监督管理局培训中心高级培训班 - “美国仿制药申报最新要求(yoqi)和案例分析”第一页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质FDA对药物杂质的控制要求(yoqi):Contents 目录原料药与成品药中的有机杂质有机杂质来源和控制有机

2、杂质控制限度的论证(lnzhng)案例分析:杂质控制限度的设置和论证练习-杂质控制限度的设置和论证原料药与成品药中的残留溶剂残留溶剂的指导原则和控制限额的建立案例分析:如何建立残留溶剂控制限额具有基因毒性杂质的控制练习-残留溶剂控制限额的建立和论证第二页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质Drug Production and Quality Control Synthesis of API第三页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质FDA对药物杂质的控制(kngzh)要求 原料药与成品药中的有机杂质p1999年11月,FDA-“仿制药申请的原料药杂质研究指导原则”,“仿

3、制药申请的制剂杂质研究指导原则”。p2003年,ICH修订的Q3A(R)“新原料药杂质研究指导原则”,“新制剂的杂质研究指导原则”(简称Q3B(R)。p杂质分类有机杂质合成杂质合成杂质(Synthetic Impurity)或工艺杂质或工艺杂质(Process Impurity):一般来自生产过程中残留的原料、中间体、试剂、配体和催化剂以及反应副产物。只与原料药的生产过程有关,在原料药和制剂的储存中一般不可能增长。通过对合成路线的分析可以确定某一杂质是否为合成杂质。 降解产物降解产物(Degradation Product):来源于原料药通过各种不同的化学反应途径的降解,一般需要结合对合成路线

4、的分析和试验研究的结果(ji gu),以确定某一杂质是否为降解产物。 有的有机杂质既是合成杂质,又是降解产物。有的有机杂质既是合成杂质,又是降解产物。无机杂质:来自生产过程所用的试剂(如氯化物)、配体和催化剂(如钯,铂等),包括重金属或其它金属残留,以及无机盐(例如,助滤剂、活性炭等)。它们通常是已知和确定的。残留溶剂:生产过程中使用后未完全除去的溶剂(如甲醇、甲苯、四氢呋喃等),残留的可挥发性试剂(如三乙胺等)和反应中生成的可挥发产物。第四页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质有机杂质(zzh)来源第五页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质常见的降解(jin ji)反

5、应第六页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质常见的降解(jin ji)反应第七页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质确定降解产物(chnw)-强制降解研究(Forced Degradation Study)Stress Type强制降解类型Common Stress 常用强制降解Common Forced Degradation Conditions 常见强制降解条件Solution Stress溶液降解Acid 酸0.1N HCl , 室温-100,4小时Base 碱0.1N NaOH,室温-100,4小时H2O2 双氧水1-3% H2O2, 室温,4小时Heat 加

6、热H2O, 100,4小时UV & Visuable Light 紫外光和可见光(300-800nm)15小时(相当于波长范围为300-800nm,约2.0百万勒克斯时Stress固态降解Thermal 加热 60 ,14天Heat/humidity 加热/湿度40 /75%RH,14天UV & Visuable Light 紫外光和可见光(300-800nm)15小时(相当于波长范围为300-800nm,约2.0百万勒克斯时p强制降解试验:强制降解试验:将原料药或制剂置于比通常储存条件剧烈得多的试验条件下进行稳定性考察的一系列试验。p目的:目的:了解该药品的稳定性及其降解途径与降解产物。在一

7、定程度(chngd)上对有关物质分析方法的专属性进行验证。p实际操作:实际操作:试剂的浓度、反应的温度和时间等都应根据具体情况作调整。p强制降解程度:强制降解程度:根据经验一般认为,控制适当的强制降解条件,从而达到大约10%的原料药降解是比较合适的。p常见的强制降解具体试验项目与试验条件常见的强制降解具体试验项目与试验条件第八页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质确定降解产物-原料药和制剂(zhj)的稳定性试验长期(25 2 、相对湿度60% 5%、至少12个月)稳定性试验加速( 40 2 、相对湿度75% 5%、至少6个月)稳定性试验分析研究收集到的稳定性测试数据(Stabili

8、ty Data)也是确定降解产物的重要依据之一。一般测定不同时间样品的HPLC图谱并进行比较分析,并与长期保留制剂样品的测定结果进行比较。在强制降解试验研究过程中注意观察样品外观性状、原料药含量等变化,并与杂质检查结果相互印证。原料药和杂质的分离和检测:将可能的中间体和副产物作为杂质进行柱效、流动相及流动相比例、波长和分离度等方法学的研究。待方法建立成熟后,根据中间体和副产物的安全性和获得杂质标样的难易程度,决定是否定为已知杂质。如果杂质标样难以得到,且比较安全,可考虑采用杂质校正因子加上相对保留时间的方法,或采用杂质相对保留时间加上自身对照的方法,对该杂质进行定量分析。如果得不到该杂质样品作

9、为标样,对于有紫外吸收的样品可以(ky)用二极管阵列检测器,考察未精制的粗品,并对比已精制过的样品,确定粗品种各成分的分离度和样品中可能杂质的检测波长。方法确立后,可采用自身对照方法或面积归一化法控制杂质。第九页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质原料药与成品(chngpn)药中的有机杂质p药品中有机杂质的分类有机杂质特定杂质(Specified Impurities):特定杂质是指在质量标准中分别规定了明确的限度,并单独进行控制的杂质。特定杂质包括化学结构已知的杂质(Specified Identified Impurity) 和化学结构未知(Specified Unidenti

10、fied Impurity)的杂质。美国药典通常采用代号来指认特定杂质,如相关化合物A(Related Compound A)等。非特定杂质( Unspecified Impurities ):在标准(biozhn)中未单独列出,而仅采用一个通用的限度进行控制的一系列杂质。其结构未知,在药品中出现的种类与几率并不固定。一般采用合适的定性分析指标加以指认,如相对保留时间为3.5的杂质。有机杂质检测确定原料药和制剂中潜在的合成杂质和降解产物,需要应用专业的有机化学知识对有关合成化学反应和条件、原料药化学结构、理化性质、稳定性等进行全面的科学分析和论证,并且比较实验室对样品的常规分析和强制降解(Fo

11、rced Degradation Study),以及稳定性研究的结果。第十页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质Impurities: Origination & Identification Classification of impuritiesSynthetic Impurities (Residual substances in the synthesis) Starting material By-products Intermediates Degradation during synthesis Reagents, ligands and catalystsDegra

12、dation ProductsHydrolysisOxidationEsterificationElimination of water, HCl, etc.DehydrogenationResidual Solvents/OVIs Solvents/reagents used in the reactions, purification process or formed during reactionMeOH, EtOH, IPA, THF, Dichloromethane, Acetone, Triethylamine, etc.Impurity Resources-API & Drug

13、 Product Manufacturing Processes第十一页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质Impurities: Origination & Identification Lists of Impurities in ICHOrganic impuritiesEach identified specified impurityEach unidentified specified impurityAny unspecified impurity with an acceptance criterion of not more than () the figure

14、in the identification threshold in Attachment 1, ICH Q3A(R)Total impuritiesResidual solventsInorganic impurities第十二页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质有机有机(yuj)杂质控制限度设置杂质控制限度设置美国药典杂质:美国药典杂质:在美国药典正文(monograph)中列为特定杂质(Specified Impurities)的杂质,其控制限度应设置不高于美国药典的限度。非美国药典杂质:非美国药典杂质:如果美国药典正文没有对该杂质设置控制限度,或者美国药典没有改药物的正文

15、,则根据ICH的杂质指导原则Q3A(R)和Q3B(R),同时也参考其它药典,如欧洲药典(EP)和英国药典(BP)来设置该杂质的控制限度。就ICH的杂质指导原则来说,如果该杂质在实验测试中的实际观测水平高于ICH的鉴定限,则必须确定为特定杂质,其控制限度必须设置为不高于ICH的论证限(Qualification Threshold)。非特定杂质:非特定杂质:在药品中出现的种类与几率并不固定。因此,在药品的临床前与临床研究中,很难对这些杂质的安全性进行评估。为将这些杂质可能带来的安全性隐患降至最小,ICH的杂质指导原则Q3A(R)和Q3B(R)对其限度用鉴定限(Identification Thr

16、eshold)做了明确的规定,要求在原料药标准中任何单个非特定杂质的限度不得超过鉴定限。在仿制药或改剂型药品以及药品上市(shng sh)后变更原料药生产商等研究中,即使出现了新的杂质,只要新杂质的含量低于表中的鉴定限,就可以认定这些新杂质的安全性。第十三页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质有机杂质有机杂质(zzh)控制限度设置控制限度设置Find out the Maximum Daily Dose (MMD,每日最大剂量(jling) from PDR, CPS, etc.Use MDD to calculate the ICH ThresholdsReporting Thr

17、eshold (RT)Identification Threshold (IT)Qualification Threshold (QT)每日最大剂量1报告限(Reporting Threshold) 2,3鉴定限(Identification Threshold) 3论证限(Qualification Threshold) 3 2 g/day0.05%每日摄入量0.10%或1.0毫克(取低值)每日摄入量0.15%或1.0毫克(取低值) 2 g/day0.03%0.05%0.05%1 每日原料药的服用量。每日原料药的服用量。2 更高的报告限必须提供充足的理由。更高的报告限必须提供充足的理由。3

18、如果杂质的毒性如果杂质的毒性(d xn)特别高则适合于更低的报告限。特别高则适合于更低的报告限。第十四页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质Control of Impurities: Compendia & ICH Establishing Acceptance Criteria for ImpuritiesAcceptance criteria (limits) for impurities should be set no higher than the level that has been qualified.In establishing impurity limits

19、, the first critical consideration is whether an impurity is specified in the USP.If there is a monograph in the USP that includes a limit for an identified specified impurity, the limits should be set no higher than the official compendial limit.If qualified by an FDA-approved human drug product, t

20、he limits must be consistent with the level observed in the approved human drug product.In other circumstances (e.g. metabolites), the limits may need to be set tighter than the qualified level to assure drug substance quality. If the level of the impurity is above the level specified in the USP, qu

21、alification is necessary. Then, if appropriate qualification has been achieved, an applicant may wish to petition the USP for revision of the impuritys limits.第十五页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质Control of Impurities: Compendia & ICH ICH Q3A(R) and Q3B(R). ScopeDoes not apply to new drug substances (Q3A(R)

22、) or products (Q3B(R) used during the clinical research stages of development. Both do not cover: Biological/ biotechniological products Fermentation products Peptides Semi-synthetic products Oligonucleotides Herbal products Radiopharmaceuticals Crude products of animal Plant originQ3B (R) does not

23、cover:lExtraneous contaminants that should not occur in new drug products and are addressed as GMP issues.lPolymorphic formslEnantiomeric impurities第十六页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质制剂的杂质制剂的杂质(zzh)限度限度Q3B(R2). ICH Threshold for Degradation Products in New Drug Products每日原料药最大剂量 *报告限(Reporting Threshold)鉴定

24、限(Identification Threshold)论证限(Qualification Threshold) 1g0.1%N/AN/A 1g0.05%N/AN/A 10mg 2gN/A0.2% or 2mg TDIN/A 100mg 2gN/AN/A0.2% or 3mg TDI 2gN/A0.10%0.15%*取低值,按百分(bi fn)含量或每日总摄入量(TDI)计。第十七页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质有机杂质控制限度有机杂质控制限度(xind)论证论证杂质控制限度论证:对一定限度的杂质的生物安全性进行研究和评估,建立杂质的可接受限度并提供包括安全性考虑在内的依据。如

25、果(rgu)杂质在样品测试中的实际观察值较高,而需要设置一个高于美国药典或ICH论证限( Qualification Threshold )的控制限度时,则必须提供一个充分合理的论证来说明所设的控制限度是合理的。有时将杂质水平降低至美国药典或ICH论证限以下是最为简单的杂质控制方法。对杂质控制限度的论证如果被FDA接受,申请人还可以向美国药典提出修改该杂质限度的申请(Petition)。第十八页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质 制订和论证杂质(zzh)合理限度的决策树第十九页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质有机杂质控制有机杂质控制(kngzh)限度的论证方法限度

26、的论证方法对比分析法:对比分析法:仿制药申请中原料药的杂质可以采用相同的已验证的分析方法(如HPLC法),与FDA已批准的同品种人用制剂(Reference Listed Drug, 简称RLD,参照药品)进行对比研究。如果无法获得参照药品,也可对含有相同原料药,以及相同给药途径和特征的不同药物制剂(如片剂对胶囊)的杂质含量进行研究。如果仿制药申请原料药中已鉴别杂质的水平与相应已获准上市人用药物的杂质水平相当,则可以认为该杂质得到了合理控制(kngzh)。科学文献和主要代谢物法:科学文献和主要代谢物法:如果科学文献已经证明某一水平的杂质在安全性方面没有问题,那么根据这一水平建立的该杂质的限度就

27、无需进一步论证。此外,如果科学文献证明某杂质本身也是原料药在体内代谢的主要代谢物,其安全性是显而易见的,因而即使对该杂质设置高于ICH论证限的控制限度,通常可以也认为该杂质已得到合理控制。遗传毒性研究法:遗传毒性研究法:由于遗传毒性试验费时间且成本高昂,此法一般是在前两种都无法对杂质合理研究论证的情况下才采取的方法。这项研究可以采用含该杂质的制剂或原料药直接进行研究,但实际上采用已分离的杂质进行研究可能更为恰当。第二十页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质有机有机(yuj)杂质控制限度的论证方法杂质控制限度的论证方法杂质的合理控制应基于多种因素,包括患者人群、日剂量、给药途径以及给

28、药周期。杂质合理控制的最基本原则就是考虑其安全因素。根据ICH的杂质指导原则Q3A(R)和Q3B(R)。 当满足下述一个或多个条件时,可以认为该杂质的控制限度是合理的:当杂质实际观察水平以及控制限度未超出FDA已经批准的人用制剂杂质实际观察水平; 当杂质本身是原料药在动物(dngw)和/或人体内重要的代谢产物时;当杂质实际观察水平以及控制限度有充分合理的科学文献支持时;当杂质实际观察水平以及控制限度未超过通过体外遗传毒性比较研究得出的正确评估限度时。第二十一页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质有机有机(yuj)杂质控制限度的论证方法杂质控制限度的论证方法当杂质本身是原料药在动物和

29、当杂质本身是原料药在动物和/或人体内重要的代谢产物时或人体内重要的代谢产物时如果有可靠文献报道该杂质系人体代谢产物,其限度的确定并不需要从安全性方面进行论证。限度设定时主要考虑批分析数据(shj)、稳定性研究数据(shj)。具体限度的确定因药物而异,但应能保证批间药品质量的一致性,且得到批分析数据、稳定性数据的支持。Example:Simvastatin EP Imp A, Degradation Product: Proposed to increase the limit from 0.5% to 1.0%.Rationale: The FDA guideline for ANDAs: S

30、ignificant metabolites do not need further qualification. The metabolic profiles of Simvastatin in human and dog plasma showed that Simvastatin EP Imp A is one of the major metabolites.第二十二页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质Impurity Limit Establishment: Examples Simvastatin Tablets USP. Limits for SV RCA and

31、SV RCBSimvastatin (Zocor): A lipid-lowering drug approved by FDA in Dec.1991. It reduces cholesterol by inhibiting an enzyme in the liver (HMG-CoA reductase) required for the production of cholesterol. Other statins include Lovastatin (Mevacor), atorvastatin (Lipitor), fluvastatin (Lescol), and rosu

32、vastatin (Crestor).SV RC A and SV RC B were controlled at NMT0.5% and 0.1%, respectively before. However, the results form the long term stability test exceeded the limits.SV RC B, Degradation Product: Proposed to increase the limit from 0.1% to 0.2%.Rationale:The ICH guideline Q3B(R): QT for degrad

33、ation products can be 0.5% or 200mg TDI, whichever is lower, for the drug with MDD of 10-100mg.MDD for Simvastatin is 80mg. QT can be 0.25%. 第二十三页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质Impurity Limit Establishment: ExamplesBupropion ER Tablets: Justification for Increasing LimitsThe limit for RC m-chlorobenzoic ac

34、id in Bupropion Hydrochloride ER Tablets is proposed to increase from 0.3% to 0.5%.Rationale:Bupropion is extensively metabolized in humans, rats and dogs. Metabolism studies in human indicated that bupropion was metabolized to m-chlorohippuric acid, erythro-amino alcohol (EB), threo-amino alcohol (

35、TB), hydroxy metabolite (HB) (references 1-3).It was obvious that m-chlorohippuric acid, which is excreted as the major urinary metabolite, was resulted from oxidation of the bupropion side chain to give m-chlorobenzoic acid followed by conjugation with glycine. Other aminoalcohol metabolites such a

36、s EB, TB and HB are formed from hydroxylation nof the tert-butyl group of bupropion and /or reduction of the intact parent aminoketone. This metabolism pathway has been confirmed by the fact that the metabolism in rats and dogs gave predominantly m-chlorohippuric acid and m-chlorobenzoic acid as the

37、 metabolites, which are formed from side chain oxidative cleavage.The FDA guideline for impurities for ANDAs (See Guidance for Industry. ANDAs: Impurities in Drug Substances) indicates that the impurities that are significant metabolites do not need further qualification.It is considered reasonable

38、to increase the test limit from 0.3% to 0.5% for BP RC2 (m-chlorobenzoic acid ).第二十四页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质Impurity Limit Establishment: ExamplesSynthetic Impurities: No Need to Monitor/Report in DP SpecificationsResponse form FDA on this type of question: Synthetic impurities need not be reported

39、 or monitored for release and /or stability testing of the drug product. Thus, no drug product limits for drug substance process impurities need be included in the drug testing protocol.Rationale:Synthetic impurities are generated during the manufacturing process of the drug substance.They are contr

40、olled in the drug substance specification.They are not expected to increase during the production and storage of the drug product.第二十五页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质Impurity Limit Establishment: Examples Semi-Synthetic or Synthetic Chemical?“Why is the FDA asking us to qualify an impurity observed in this

41、 semi-synthetic drug substance? Arent semi-synthetics excluded from the recommendations?”Rationale: It depends on how far the drug substance is from the naturally derived source material. In general, drug substances separated from the source material by one or two chemical manipulations are still ex

42、cluded from the recommendations. However, the Agency believes that those drug substances separated from the source material by several synthetic steps resulting in multiple isolated and purified intermediates resemble traditional chemicals more than they resemble classical semi-synthetic moieties. H

43、ence, the new recommendations would apply to such drug substances. 第二十六页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质Impurity Limit Establishment: Examples Clyndamycin. Semi-synthetic or Synthetic Chemical?第二十七页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质案例分析:有机杂质控制案例分析:有机杂质控制(kngzh)限度设置和论证限度设置和论证 卡托普利(卡托普利(Captopril) 原料药的合成路线原料药的合成路线第二十八页

44、,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质卡托普利(卡托普利(Captopril)有机杂质控制限度)有机杂质控制限度(xind)的设置的设置第二十九页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质卡托普利(卡托普利(Captopril)有机杂质控制)有机杂质控制(kngzh)限度的限度的设置设置l美国药典和欧洲药典都发表了有关卡托普利原料药的正文。根据美国药典正文,Captopril disulphide 杂质控制限度不超过1.0%,而其它单一杂质不超过0.2%,总杂质不超过0.5%。欧洲药典正文把杂质A,B,C,D,E和F作为特定杂质控制在不超过0.15%(其中例外的是杂质A控制在1

45、.0%,杂质F控制在0.2%),非特定杂质控制在不超过0.10%,总杂质不超过1.2%。l如果原料药生命(shngmng)符合美国或欧洲药典标准,通常必须符合该药典正文的每一项要求。然而,对于与合成路线毫无关系的药典杂质,在实验测试结果显示“None Detected未检出”的基础上,可以从合成路线和化学反应机理的角度进行论证,提供足够理由说明在原料药标准中可以不设限度进行常规控制。l下面以声明符合美国药典标准的卡托普利为例来说明如何提供适当的理由对所指定的标准进行论证。从化学反应机理的角度考虑,杂质B和D产生于含溴的原料,与康乐化学公司的合成路线无关。标准规格中勿需设定限度来控制杂质B和D。

46、l卡托普利的最高剂量为450毫克/日。根据ICH指导文件Q3A(R),原料药的报告限(Reporting Threshold)为0.05%,鉴定限(Identification Threshold)为0.10%,论证限(Qualification Threshold) 为0.15%。l原料药中的控制限度设置如下:已知杂质C和E中单一已知杂质不超过0.1%,杂质A不超过0.5%,杂质F不超过0.2%,单一未知杂质不超过0.10%,总杂质不超过0.5%。此杂质控制限度符合或紧于美国药典要求,也与ICH和原料药厂家的要求一致。第三十页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质练习练习-杂质控制

47、限度杂质控制限度(xind)的设置和论证的设置和论证Michelle is working in a generic pharmaceutical company to develop a drug product called OME for ulcer disease. She adopts the European Pharmacopoeia HPLC method to analyze the drug substance and observed known EP impurities A (0.25), B(0.46%) and C (0.20%), and an unknown

48、impurity 1 (0.18%). The maximum daily dose for OME is 120mg. It is reported that impurity B is a degradation product and metabolite, impurities A is also a degradation product, while impurity C is a synthetic impurity. Table 1. ICH Thresholds for Impurities in New Drug SubstancesMaximum Daily Dose-1

49、Reporting Threshold2,3Identification Threshold 3Qualification Threshold 32g/day0.05%0.10% or 1.0mg per day intake (whichever is lower)0.15% or 1.0mg per day intake (whichever is lower)2g/day0.03%0.05%0.05%1 The amount of drug substance administered per day.2 Higher reporting thresholds should be sig

50、nificantly justified.3 Lower thresholds can be appropriate if the impurity is unusually toxic.第三十一页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质练习练习-杂质杂质(zzh)控制限度的设置和论证控制限度的设置和论证Active ingredient maximum daily doseReporting ThresholdsIdentification Threshold*Qualification Threshold* 1g0.1%N/AN/A 1g0.05%N/AN/A 10mg 2gN/A

51、0.2% or 2mg TDIN/A 100mg 2gN/AN/A0.2% or 3mg TDI 2gN/A0.10%0.15%Table 2. ICH Thresholds for Degradation Products in New Drug Products* Take the lower figure, % or total daily intake (TDI)第三十二页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质练习练习-杂质杂质(zzh)控制限度的设置和论证控制限度的设置和论证lUse the above Tables 1 and 2 as references and ot

52、her knowledge you learned from this course to establish appropriate controlling limits and fill into Table 3 for Impurities A, B and C for both drug substance and drug product if necessary.lIt is not required to establish a limit to control impurity C for drug product. However, the HPLC method for d

53、egradation products should be capable of detecting and separating impurity C from other impurities. Why?lWhy can a limit for a degradation product be considered qualified even it exceeds the ICH limit?Reporting Threshold (%)Impurity A (%)Impurity B (%)Impurity C (%)Unknown Impurity 1 (%)ICH limits f

54、or Drug substanceRecommended Limits for Drug SubstanceICH limits for Drug ProductRecommended Limits for Drug Product第三十三页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质FDA对药物杂质的控制要求对药物杂质的控制要求(yoqi) 原料药与成品药中的残留溶剂原料药与成品药中的残留溶剂1997年,ICH制订了“Q3C杂质:残留溶剂(rngj)的指导原则”。美国药典(USP)2008年修正了第节,重新命名为残留溶剂(Residual solvents)。ICH将药品生产及纯化过程中

55、常用的69种有机溶剂按照对人体和环境的危害程度分为4类。第1类溶剂:指已知或极可能对人体致癌和对环境有害的溶剂,在药品制造过程中必须避免使用。其残留量必须严格控制在规定的范围内。第2类溶剂:指无基因毒性但有动物致癌性的溶剂,可以选择适当的方法并建立一定的限度进行控制。第3类溶剂:指对人体低毒的溶剂,可用于生产过程中。其残留溶剂的量如果不高于0.5%则无需论证。未分类溶剂:指目前没有足够毒性资料的溶剂,如异丙醚(Isopropylether)。由于无响应的“允许日接触量”(PDE)资料,生产厂商在使用时必须提供这些溶剂在制剂中的残留水平,以及对产品安全影响的论证报告,或者根据FDA在2008年1

56、2月出版的控制基因毒性和致癌性以及任何可疑但未知具体毒理的杂质的指导原则(草案),控制这类残留溶剂日接触量不超过1.5微克。第三十四页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质ICH Q3C and USP General Chapter “residual solvents in pharmaceuticals are defined as organic volatile chemicals that are used or produced in the manufacturing of drug substance or excipient, or in the preparat

57、ion of drug products.” Note: “residual solvents” refers to the amount not removed during the purification of the product第三十五页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质USP: Residual SolventsGeneral Notices Statement: All articles are subject to be tested for residual solvents (Delayed implementation)Monograph Changes

58、Residual solvents: meets the requirements added in all monograph (Delayed Implementation)Revised retracted第三十六页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质Residual Solvents :Main PointsDriving force: Safety of the patient; recommended use of less toxic solventsTesting is to be performed only for solvents “likely to be

59、present” Used or produced in the final manufacturing step Used in previous steps and not removed by a validated procedureThe limits for acceptable concentrations listed in the Chapter are for drug products, not for its components第三十七页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质Residual Solvents :Main PointsThe concentr

60、ation in the drug product may beCalculated from the concentrations of components Determined experimentally; mandatory ifSolvents are used in its manufactureCumulative calculation exceeds limitsManufactures of drug products may rely on data provided by the suppliers of componentsProvides unambiguous

61、identification and qualification methodIncludes options to allow use of materials that exceed the limits established第三十八页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质Residual Solvents :Main Points, Continued“The procedures described in this general chapter are to be applied wherever possible. Otherwise, manufactures may

62、 select the most appropriate validated analytical procedure for a particular application.” (ICH and EP take similar approach, see Validation of Compendial ProceduresSubmission of alternative methods is not required.第三十九页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质ScopeICH “The guide does not apply to existing marketed

63、products.”USP (and EP) “This general chapter applies to existing drug substances, excipients and medical products whether or not they are the subject of a monograph of the Pharmacopeia”.第四十页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质Risk-based classification of solventsClass 1 -Unacceptable toxicities; should be avoid

64、ed, unless their use can be strongly justified in a risk-based assessment.Class 2 -Less severe toxicities; should be limited.Class 3 -Less toxic; should be used where practical. Note: Other solvents may be used but only after approval from a regulatory agency.第四十一页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质SupplierUSP

65、 Limits in excipients for each excipient Limits are not specifications for each excipientSome excipients used as drug productsManufacturer of drug product has to calculate, based upon PDE and limit.USP withdrew requirement in excipient monographsA requirement is listed in General Notices; no need fo

66、r unnecessary testing.第四十二页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质SupplierGenerally, Class 1 Solvents such as benzene are no longer being used in producing excipients.Many produced with Class 2 or 3.Eliminating or lowering solvent levels may change quality and performance for certain functions.Take advantage of ca

67、lculation option.第四十三页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质SupplierManufacturers of pharmaceutical products need certain information about the contents of residual solvents in drug substances or excipients in order to meet the criteria of this general chapter.Only Class 3 solvents are likely to be present. Loss

68、on drying is less than 0.5%.Only Class 2 solvents X, Y,are likely to be present. All are below the Option 1 limit. (Here the supplier would name the Class 2 solvents represented by X, Y, )Only Class 2 solvents X, Y,and Class 3 solvents are likely to be present. Residual Class 2 solvents are bellow t

69、he Option 1 limit and residual Class 3 solvents are below 0.5%. 第四十四页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质SupplierNeed information exchange between user and supplier.However there are confidentiality concerns. Trust needed between two parties. A supplier audit may be needed, GMP concern for regulatory department

70、 and FDA. Not just rely on C of A.第四十五页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质Establishing Exposure Limits(Appendix 3 in the General Chapter)Permitted Daily Exposure (PDE) derived from the No-observed-effect level (NOEL) in animal studies.For Class 1 solvents, exposure limits are determined using a large safety fa

71、ctor (10,000 to 100,000)For Class 2 solvents, PDE was calculated from NOEL, weight adjustments and correction factors (e.g. extrapolating between species and accounting for variability between individuals) 第四十六页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质Limits of Residual SolventsClass 1: concentration limits, in ppm,

72、 are provided in a Table. They should not be exceeded unless otherwise stated in the individual monograph.Class 2: concentration limits are to be calculated from PDE with the formula: concentration (ppm)=1000 PDE/dose, where PDE is in mg/day and dose is in g/day A table is provided, to be used when

73、the daily dose is 10g or less, or when the daily dose is not known or fixed.Class 3: PDE is 50mg/day (“unless otherwise stated in the individual monograph”), corresponding to a concentration of 0.5% for daily doses of 10g or less第四十七页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质Limits of Residual Solvents: Class 1Class

74、1 Residual solvents (Table 1): Should not be used in the manufacturing of drug substances, excipients or drug products because of unacceptable toxicities or deleterious environmental effects of the residual solvents.However, if there use is unavoidable, their levels should be restricted as shown in

75、Table 1.第四十八页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质Table 1. Class 1 Residual SolventsSolventConcentration Limit (ppm)ConcernBenzene2CarcinogenCarbon tetrachloride4Toxic and environmental Hazard1,2-Dichlorothane5Toxic1,1-Dichlorothane5Toxic1,1,1-Trichlorothane1500Environmental Hazard第四十九页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质Li

76、mits of Residual Solvents: Class 2Class 2: 26 solventsClass 2 Residual Solvents: should be limited in drug substances, excipients or drug products because of their inherent toxicities.Their levels should be restricted as shown in Table 2. Concentration limits vary between 50 (Methylbutylketone) and

77、3880 (cyclohexane).When Class 2 residual solvents are used (or produced) in the manufacturing or purification process, they should be identified and quantified.第五十页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质Table 2. Class 2 Residual SolventsSolventPDE(mg/day)Concentration Limit (ppm)Acetonitrile4.1410Chlorobenzene3.63

78、60Chloroform0.660Cyclohexane38.838801,2-Dichloroethane18.718701,2-Dimethylacetamide10.91090N,N-Dimethylformamide8.88801,4-Dioxane3.83802-Ethoxyethanol1.6160第五十一页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质Table 2. Class 2 Residual Solvents ContinuedSolventPDE(mg/day)Concentration Limit (ppm)Ethylene glycol6.2620Formami

79、de2.2220Hexane2.9290Methanol30.030002-Methoxyethanol0.550Methylbutylketone0.550Methycyclohexane11.81180Methylene chloride6.0600N-methylpyrrolidone5.3530第五十二页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质Table 2. Class 2 Residual Solvents ContinuedSolventPDE(mg/day)Concentration Limit (ppm)1,2-Dimethoxyethane1.0100Nitrome

80、thane0.550Pyridine2.0200Sulfolane1.6160Tetrahydrofuran7.2720Tetralin1.0100Toluene8.9890Trichloroethylene0.880Xylenes21.72170第五十三页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质Limits of Residual Solvents: Class 3Class 3: 28 solventsLess toxic and of lower risk to human healthUnless otherwise stated in the individual monog

81、raph, PDE is NMT 50mg/day, corresponding to a concentration limit of 5000ppm for daily doses not greater than 10g of the productIf the monograph allows for a concentration resulting in more than 50mg/day, Class 3 solvents must be identified and quantified.第五十四页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质Table 3. Class

82、3 Residual SolventsAcetic AcidEthyl acetateMethyliobutylketoneAcetoneEthyl ether2-Methyl-1-propanolAnisoleEthyl formatePentane1-ButanolFormic acid1-Pentanol2-ButanolHeptane1-PropanolButyl acetateIsobutyl acetate2-Propanoltert-Butylmethyl etherIsopropyl acetatePropyl acetateCmeneMethyl acetateDimethy

83、l sulfoxide3-Methyl-1-butanolEthanolMethylethylketone第五十五页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质残留溶剂控制限度残留溶剂控制限度(xind)的建立的建立FDA要求所有在制造原料、辅料和产品时使用或产生的有机溶剂,其残留量都必须予以检测(jin c)和控制。仿制药生产商可选择直接在产品中检测,若产品制造过程中均未使用有机溶剂,亦可先检测原料、辅料的有机溶剂残留量,检测结果若较规定值低,则产品无须进行检测,若较高,则必须检测产品,以证实制造过程中有机溶剂的残留是否已经降到合格标准。若只有第3类的残留溶剂,则可用USP干燥减重的方式

84、控制。第五十六页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质Options for Determining Levels of Class 2 Residual SolventsOption 1: Components of the drug product (drug substances and excipients) meet the concentration limits listed in Table 2, and the daily dose does not exceed 10g.在设定残留溶剂时,首先采用第一选择方法,即根据(gnj)美国药典(或ICH Q3C)中标1-3

85、所列的限度来建立标准中的溶剂限度。第一选择方法以每日用药量10克为假设来计算“每日允许接触量”(PDE),从而确定溶剂的限度。 MeOH第一选择方法最高允许值 =1000微克/毫克PDE(毫克/日)/最高日剂量(克/日) =(1000 30)微克/(10 1000000)微克=3000ppm第五十七页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质Option 2 for Determining Levels of Class 2 Residual Solvents in Drug ProductsOption 2: At least one of the components of the

86、drug product exceeds the concentration limits, or the daily dose exceeds 10g: the daily exposure to a solvent (calculated as the sum of the components contributions) should be less than PDE.当残留溶剂含量超过美国药典第一(dy)选择限度时可以采用第二选择方法来建立残留溶剂的限度。常见的是第3类的残留溶剂,如乙醇或异丙醇,由于其对人体相对较低的毒性,在原料药生产中常常把它用作最后纯化工序的溶剂,加上有些原料药

87、具有很大的极性,生产中很难完全去除。第五十八页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质乙醇含量和第二选择方法限度乙醇含量和第二选择方法限度(xind)的计算的计算成份配方中的含量(毫克)实际乙醇含量(ppm)日接触量(毫克)原料药XXX15020%=30612530mg 3 0.6125%=0.551辅料1无水葡萄糖结合剂15076.0%=114100114mg0.01%=0.011辅料2交联羧甲基纤维素钠1503.0%=4.50无0辅料3硬脂酸镁1501.0%=1.50无0制剂15062250.562第五十九页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质Option 2 for

88、Determining Levels of Class 2 Residual Solvents in Drug Products第二选择方法以“每日允许接触量”(PDE)和实际每日最大用药量来计算溶剂的最高允许值。残留溶剂的限度将根据(gnj)这个允许值以及实验测定数据而确定。例如,乙醇的每日允许接触量是50毫克。因此,方法1给出的限度是5000ppm。如果某药物每日最高的配药量是90毫克,其制剂中包含三种辅料,药品的组分和计算得出的最高残留乙醇量列于下表中。第二选择方法最高允许值=1000 PDE(毫克/日)/最高日剂量(克/日)=1000 50/0.090=5.56 105ppm 因此,原

89、料药中的残留溶剂乙醇的控制限度可以设定为高于第一选择方法的限度(5000ppm)。如果原料药样品的实际分析结果为6900-7000ppm,则控制限度可以设置为不超过8000ppm.第六十页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质Example 1: Option 1 and Option 2, with AcetonitrilelPDE acetonitrile=4.1mg/day, thus Option 1 limits is 410ppm (from Table 2).l5.0g drug product/day. Composed of two excipientsCompon

90、entsAmount in Formulation (g)Acetonitrile Content- Limit (ppm)Daily Exposure (mg)Drug substance0.3800 (exceeds)0.24Excipient 10.9400 (pass)0.36Excipient 23.8800 (exceeds)3.04Excipient 35.0728 (exceeds)3.64 (PASS)lExcipient 1 meets Option 1 limit of 410ppm/day.lDrug Substance, excipient 2, and drug p

91、roduct do not meet Option 1 limit of 410ppm/day.lDrug product however meets Option 2 limits of 4.1 mg/day.第六十一页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质Example 2: Option 1 and Option 2, with AcetonitrilelPDE acetonitrile=4.1mg/day, thus Option 1 limits is 410ppm (from Table 2).l5.0g drug product/day. Composed of two

92、 excipientsComponentsAmount in Formulation (g)Acetonitrile Content- Limit (ppm)Daily Exposure (mg)Drug substance0.38000.24Excipient 10.920001.80Excipient 13.88003.04Drug Product5.010165.08 (FAIL)lDrug product does not meet Option 1 or Option 2 limit.lManufacturer could test to see if manufacturing d

93、id reduce the level of acetonitrile in drug product below 410ppm; if so it passes.第六十二页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质原料药中残留原料药中残留(cnli)溶剂与有机挥发性杂质的控制及其依据溶剂与有机挥发性杂质的控制及其依据根据原料药生产商提供的药物管理档案中原料药的合成路线,某原料药的生产中使用过以下五种溶剂:丙酮、正己烷、甲苯、乙酸乙酯和四氢呋喃。研发气相色谱测定方法对该原料药的样品进行分析,检测苯(甲苯中的一种潜在杂质)和以上所列的五种可能的残留溶剂。结果显示,乙酸乙酯、四氢呋喃、正己烷

94、、甲苯和苯(源于甲苯)均未检出。然而,却在样品中检测到了一种未知的有机挥发性杂质。应用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析技术分析后确定(qudng)该未知有机挥发性杂质为亚异丙基丙酮(mesityloxide)。进一步使用亚异丙基丙酮参考标准品对样品中的该杂质进行了定量分析并确定(qudng)了其含量。下表总结了该原料药样品的残留溶剂分析结果和所建立的限度。由于未检出乙酸乙酯、四氢呋喃、正己烷、甲苯和苯,加上这些是早期合成阶段所用的溶剂(苯除外,合成中未使用苯),因此认为没有必要在标准中对这些残留溶剂建立控制限度进行常规控制。如果这些残留溶剂出现在原料药中,所采用的气相色谱法将可以检测到它们,并

95、能对其进行定量分析。另外,用不超过1000ppm的限度来分别控制原料药中第三类溶剂丙酮和乙酸乙酯的残留量,此限度低于ICH指南中的允许限度,与供应商的限度也一致,因而是合理的。第六十三页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质原料药中残留溶剂与有机挥发性杂质原料药中残留溶剂与有机挥发性杂质(zzh)的控制及其依据的控制及其依据残留溶剂或有机挥发性杂质己烷(ppm)丙酮(ppm)乙酸乙酯(ppm)甲苯(ppm)苯(ppm)四氢呋喃(ppm)异亚丙基丙酮(ppm)样品检测结果 (批号)1112ND142NDNDNDND211113ND182NDNDNDND121114ND133NDNDND

96、ND301115ND705NDNDNDND1781116ND696NDNDNDND147ICH分类233212NAICH限度290500050008902720NA康乐化学公司限度NA50005000NANANANA民药公司建议的限度NA10001000NANANA200定量限LOQ151005040LOD:0.8252.5第六十四页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质练习练习-原料药中残留溶剂原料药中残留溶剂(rngj)控制限度的设置和论证控制限度的设置和论证残留溶剂或有机挥发性杂质二氯甲烷(ppm)异丙醇IPA(ppm)乙酸乙酯(ppm)四氢呋喃THF (ppm)样品检测结果(

97、批号)111278800NDND111389790NDND111490670NDNDICH分类2332ICH限度60050005000720康乐化学公司限度60030001000NA民药公司建议的限度定量限LOQ601005025第六十五页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质原料药中残留溶剂与有机原料药中残留溶剂与有机(yuj)挥发性杂质的控制及其依据挥发性杂质的控制及其依据亚异丙基丙酮(mesityl oxide):是从丙酮经过羟醛缩合反应而产生的一种有机挥发性杂质。由于USP和ICH都没有对此杂质设定控制限度,其毒理学数据也不完全,建议应用美国FDA在2008年12月出版的产业

98、指导中为基因毒素或可能致癌杂质的限度(1.5微克/日)来设置控制限度。该药的每日最高剂量为10毫克,可认为设置不超过100ppm(0.01%)的限度恰当地控制了该原料药中的这种有机挥发性杂质(参见下面的计算公式) 1.5微克/日 亚异丙基丙酮控制限度= 106=150ppm 10毫克/日 103毫克/毫克所用的气相色谱分析(s p fn x)方法已经过验证,其准确度、精密度、线性、灵敏度、可靠性、耐用性和选择性均适用于这些残留溶剂和有机挥发性杂质的常规检测控制的要求。第六十六页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质原料药与成品原料药与成品(chngpn)药中具有基因毒性和致癌性的杂质

99、药中具有基因毒性和致癌性的杂质具有基因毒性和致癌性基因毒性的杂质:可以直接与DNA结合或通过影响参与DNA复制的酶,间接地导致DNA损伤。由于快速分裂的细胞在积极合成新的DNA,所以它们对基因毒性(Genotoxic)杂质特别敏感,甚至(shnzh)可能因受损太重而导致凋亡。欧洲医药局(European Medicine Agency, 简称EMEA,Committee for Medical Products for Human Use, 简称CHMP)在2006年就首先颁布了基因毒性杂质限度指南,并于2007年1月1日起正式实施。FDA于2008年12月发表了控制这类杂质的指导原则(草案)

100、。对任何可疑的但未知具体毒理的基因毒性杂质,基于具体药物的每天最大摄入量以上两个指导原则草案都推荐1.5毫克/日作为控制限度。第六十七页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质原料药与成品原料药与成品(chngpn)药中具有基因毒性和致癌性的杂质药中具有基因毒性和致癌性的杂质毒性关注限(TTC: Threshold of Toxicological Concern)是由FDA下属的食物安全和营养中心为“与食物接触的物质”所提出的一个规定限度。TTC是通过对700多种致癌物引发肿瘤超过50%概率的致癌基剂量(jling)进行简单的线性外推而得。对食物而言,TTC值等于1.5微克/日相当于

101、人的生存期中(平均以70年计)百万分之一患癌症的概率。也就是所谓的有效安全剂量(jling)(VSD:Virtual Safe Dose)。对药物而言,1.5微克/日相当于人十万分之一的致癌概率,相对于目前人类四分之一的“自然”患癌症的比例,一般认为是可以接受的。因为服药是一个有意识的治疗过程,副作用总是伴随着药物的治疗效用,而药物的使用期相对于人类的生存期是短暂的,所以除了极少数的基因毒性杂质,这一标准是可以接受的。在某些极端情况下,如生命受到即时威胁或极短的使用期限,较高的限度也是可以接受的。对于比终身服药短的临床试验,可以接受高数倍的限制标准。许多基因毒性杂质的化学结构中具有某些特定的官

102、能团称为示警结构(Alerting Structure)。这些官能团包括硝基和亚硝基化合物,环氧化物,磺酸酯,亚磺酸酯,氯化物等。第六十八页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质具有基因毒性和致癌性的杂质的论证具有基因毒性和致癌性的杂质的论证(lnzhng)和控制和控制l在康乐化学有限公司生产的某原料药的筛选试验中发现一个未知峰。经GC-MS鉴定和标准品的比较,证实为2-氯丙烷。从化学角度来看,2-氯丙烷可由生产过程中异丙醇和盐酸的耦合反应形成(xngchng)。l2-氯丙烷是一种已知的具有基因毒性的烷基化试剂。在最近几年,由于这种类型化合物的基因毒性或致癌性,该化合物在药品中的含量

103、控制已受到相当的重视。lFDA在2008年12月公布的制药业指南草案中对具有基因毒性的杂质建议了1.5微克/日的合理限度。低于该限度的基因毒性杂质无须进一步论证。根据该原料药的最高日用量0.6毫克/日和1.5微克/日的限度,可计算出2-氯丙烷的允许限度为不超过2500ppm。因此,2-氯丙烷控制限度建议为100ppm。该限度也与原料药厂商的内部限度一致。民药集团和原料厂商的3个批号分析结果显示“未检出”,说明符合要求。 1.5微克/日 2-氯丙烷控制限度=106=2500ppm 0.6毫克/日103微克/毫克第六十九页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质 谢谢(xixie)(xixie)大家!第七十页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质内容(nirng)总结FDA对药物杂质的控制要求。限度设定时主要考虑(kol)批分析数据、稳定性研究数据。此杂质控制限度符合或紧于美国药典要求,也与ICH和原料药厂家的要求一致。进一步使用亚异丙基丙酮参考标准品对样品中的该杂质进行了定量分析并确定了其含量。亚异丙基丙酮(mesityl oxide):是从丙酮经过羟醛缩合反应而产生的一种有机挥发性杂质。谢谢大家第七十一页,共七十一页。美国仿制药申报要求和案例分析-杂质

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