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1、Cohesion and Coherence 衔接与连贯衔接与连贯Cohesion and Coherence衔接与连贯vWhat is cohesion ?vTypes of the cohesion vWhat is the coherence ?vRelationships between cohesion and coherencev天净沙秋思分析语篇的衔接手段语篇就好比是一棵大树一个条理清晰，上下连贯（语篇特征）的整体，那么语篇是靠什么形成的呢？靠衔接手段。WhatisCohesion?Cohesionisasemanticconcept,itreferstorelationsofm
2、eaningthatexistwithinthetext.(Halliday & Hasan, 1976)“衔接”这一概念是Halliday于1962年首次提出的。后来在他与Hasan合著的CohesioninEnglish一书中把衔接定义为“存在于篇章内部，使之成为语篇的意义关系”Five types of Cohesion五种衔接五种衔接照应（照应（reference）、替代（）、替代（substitution）、）、省略（省略（ellipsis）、连接（）、连接（conjunction）及词汇衔接）及词汇衔接（lexical cohesion）。）。Cohesion is express
3、ed partly through grammar and partly through vocabulary. We can refer therefore to GRAMMATICAL COHESION and LEXICAL COHESION.其中前三类属于其中前三类属于语法手段语法手段，第四类属于，第四类属于逻辑手段逻辑手段，最后一类于，最后一类于词汇衔接词汇衔接手段手段一、Reference 照应A participant or circumstantial element introduced at one place in the text can be taken as a r
4、eference point for something that follows.照应(Reference)指用代词等语法手段表示的语义关系。Thereisalsoreferencetowhatisoutsidethetext,exophoric(ex),（语外照应，外指）endophoric(en)(语内照应，内指）外照应独立于上下文之外的词项独立于上下文之外的词项内照应意义依赖于上下文的词项意义依赖于上下文的词项下照应（后照应）意义依赖于前述词项的词项意义依赖于前述词项的词项上照应（前照应）意义依赖于后述词项的词项意义依赖于后述词项的词项 u李林是我的朋友。他他是武汉人。（内指，他回指前
5、文提到的李林）u我讨厌你你，李林李林！（内指，下指李林）u（手指某物），那那是你画的吗？（外指）Three Types of Reference:personalreferencedemonstrativereferencecomparativereference人称照应指示照应比较照应由人称代词表示的照应关系叫做“人称照应”（Personal Reference）。在使用人称代词的时候，必须搞明确谁是它的照 应对 象，如果这一点含糊不清，就会模棱两可，引 出歧义。 例如例如：Jane watched Julia walk into the library with her brother （
6、Jane看见Julia和谁的兄弟走进图书馆？） 例中的Jane和Julia都是女性，以致后面的her既可指Jane，也可指Julia。可以改写成： Jane watched her brother and Julia walk into the library 简瞧见她的兄弟和朱莉亚走进图书馆。 Core six cooking apples. Put them into a fireproof dish. These are red ones, but they are not so delicious. Them指称，表示前面的apples These指示，指前面的them和apples
7、So比较，把这些苹果与其他的相比较。二、Substitution and Ellipsis省略和替代Substitutionandellipsisareonetypeofcohesiondevicewhichtakesdifferentforms. 当在下面一个句子重新出现时，被省略掉，或者被其他项目所替代的现象。 例如，上例中的ones就用以替代apples，如： A. Have you been playing football? B. Yes, I have (been playing football.) 都可分为三类：名词、动词和小句。 Ones替代名词；playing footba
8、ll替代动词。 A: Has he been ever to Beijing? B: I think so。 So 替代整个小句 (he has been to Beijing.) Three types of SubstitutionNominal:one,ones,sameVerbal:do(inflectionalforms:does,did)Clausal:so,not.名词性替代、动词性替代和从句性替代1)A: Have you any knives? I need a sharp one. B: I can get you several very sharp ones, but
9、this is the best (one) I have. (nominalsubstitution)2) Bob says he is going to join the Labour Party. It will be interesting to see whether he does (do).(VerbalSubstitution)3) A: Bruce is a good actor. B: I dont think so.(clausalsubstitution)Three types of Ellipsisnominalellipsisverbalellipsisclausa
10、lellipsis名词性省略、动词性省略和从句性省略HeprefersDutchcheeseandIpreferDanish.-Doyouunderstand?-Itriedto.-Youhaventtoldhimyet.-Notyet.三、 Conjunction 连接Conjunctionisacohesiverelationwhichobtainbetweenclausesaswellassentencesofatextwhichareindicatedconnectors.指由连接成分把两个或多个句子，或者段落连接起来的现象。常用的有递进、转折、因果、时间。Four types of
11、Conjunctionadditive补充adversativecausaltemporale.g.TobeabletoseeNobody!Andatthatdistance,too!(additive)Allthefigureswerecorrect;theydbeenchecked.Yetthetotalcameoutwrong.(adversative)Wemaynotbeabletosetuppermanentdecisions.Therefore,itseemstomethatwemusttake,sofaraswecan,sofaraswecan,apictureoftheworl
12、dintoourminds.（casual）Thefirstmanlandedonthemoon.Atthesamemoment,ayoungboydiedinAlabama.(temporal)英语逻辑关系表示法1. 先后或列举：first, second; for one thingfor another; in addition/ besides等。2. 因果： as a result/thus/sobecause/等。3.特例或举例：in particular; for example; that is 等。4.转折：But/however/yet/nevertheless;onthe
13、otherhand等。5.引出结论：inconclusion/finally等。6.表示频率：frequently/often;occasionally等。7.表示阶段：during;briefly;foralongtime;formanyyears等。8.表某一时刻：lastSunday;in2005;atsixoclock;twomonthsago等。9.表示开端：inthebeginning;beforethen等。10.表示其间：inthemeantime/atthesametime等。11.表示结束：eventually/finally/atlast/intheend等。四、四、le
14、xical cohesion词汇衔接由词汇的重复，及其之间的语义关系所建立起来的衔接关系，包括重现、同义、反义、上下义、整体部分义，以同一语义场的词汇搭配所建立起来的衔接关系。1、The young man does not like bears, so yesterday in the park he gave the bear some poisonous food to eat.2、To err is human; to forgive divine3、 And sings a solitary song, That whistles in the wind. Bearbears: 重现
15、 Errforgive: 反义 Singwhistle: 搭配表1：衔接在英语描述中的地位(Halliday&Hasan,1976) CoherenceWhat is coherence? Coherence in linguistics is what makes a text semantically meaningful. It is especially dealt with in text linguistics. ConceptsofCoherence：Textvs.DiscourseTextureThenotionofCoherence The term text is used
16、 in linguistics to refer to any passage, spoken or written, of whatever length, that does from a unified whole. It may be anything from a single proverb to a whole play, from a momentary cry for help to an all-day discussion on a committee.(Halliday and Hasan,1976) Some (Coulthart) think that text o
17、nly refers to written language, not including spoken. Leech employs the term discourse to refer to communicative language. Text vs. DiscourseTexture A semantically coherent text must have texture. Texture distinguishes text and non-text. A: How old is your son? B: He is seven.A: How old is your son?
18、 B: She is playing in the garden.(2) is semantically incoherent, she has no referent.The notion of CoherenceWe should first realize what coherence intuitively means for language users. (normal, understandable)Coherence may also be taken as predicted not of a sentence, but of pairs, triplesof sentenc
19、es or of fragments or the whole of a discourse.Coherence may also be predicted of a sentence relative to the whole.e.g.a.Claire and Kent climbed Mt. McKinley last summer.b.She photographed the peak, and he surveyed it.Cohesion and Coherencecohesioncoherence1. Cohesion is a measurable linguistic phen
20、omenon. 1. Coherence is more global and is not directly amenable to evaluation.2. Cohesion exists within a text and adds to the coherence of text. 2. Coherence is something the reader establishes or hopes to establish.3. Cohesion is a text-related phenomenon.3. Coherence is both a text and a reader
21、related phenomenon.4. Cohesion uses cohesive ties which link words or phrases with other words or phrases in connected discourse.4. Coherence views discourse as a process. Texts are viewed as dynamic expressions of meaning jointly negotiated by particular speakers and hearers located in socio-cultur
22、al space and time. 5. Cohesion studies things such as the nature of cohesive elements whether semantic or syntactic, their direction, whether they point to what precedes or to what follows and the distance in terms of number of sentences intervening between the cohesive item and the element to which
23、 it reveres.5. Coherence in discourse involves far more than lexical and grammatical links between elements in the text. Coherence involves both the intra and the extra-textual.30天净沙 秋思马致远马致远枯藤老树昏鸦，小桥流水人家，古道西风瘦马。夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯。31天净沙天净沙秋秋思思 马致远马致远划划分分节节奏奏枯藤老树昏鸦，小桥流水人家，古道西风瘦马，夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯。32天净沙天净沙 秋思秋思 赏析赏析整体把握诗意整体把握诗意：枯藤缠绕着老树，树枝上栖息着黄昏时归枯藤缠绕着老树，树枝上栖息着黄昏时归巢的乌鸦，小桥下，流水潺潺，旁边有几巢的乌鸦，小桥下，流水潺潺，旁边有几户人家，在古老荒凉的道路上，秋风萧瑟，户人家，在古老荒凉的道路上，秋风萧瑟，一匹疲惫的瘦马驮着我蹒跚前行。夕阳向一匹疲惫的瘦马驮着我蹒跚前行。夕阳向西缓缓落下，悲伤断肠的人还漂泊在天涯。西缓缓落下，悲伤断肠的人还漂泊在天涯。33天净沙天净沙 秋思秋思 赏析赏析整体把握诗意整体把握诗意：整首诗没有动词但感觉衔接很好，很连贯34
