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1、语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版第四章) I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Syntax is a subfied of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, including the combination of morphemes into words. 2.Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules. 3
2、. Sentences are composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order, with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic.4.Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language sp
3、eak-er are known as linguistic competence. 5. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend. 6. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinati
4、ng the other. 7. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.8. Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.9. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal catego
5、ries are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase. 10. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.11.What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete li
6、st of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.12. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.13. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.14. WH-movement is obligatory in English
7、which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 15. A s_ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a sub-ject and a predicate and stands alone as its own s 欢迎下载 2 entence. 16.A s_ is a str
8、ucturally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 17.A s_ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.18. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says som
9、ething about the subject is grammatically called p_.19. A c_ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.20. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an e_ clause.21. Major lexical categories are o_ categories in the
10、sense that new words are constantly added.22. A _ Condition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.23. P_ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguisti
11、c variations between and among natural languages.24. The theory of C_ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.III. There are four given choices for each statement below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 25. A sentence is consider
12、ed _ when it does not conform to the grammatical-cal knowledge in the mind of native speakers. A. right B. wrong C. grammatical D. ungrammatical 26. A _ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A. coordinator B. particle C. preposition D. subordinat
13、or 27. Phrase structure rules have _ properties. A. recursive B. grammatical C. social D. functional 28. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _ A. how words and phrases form sentences. B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words C. how people produce and recognize poss
14、ible sentences D. All of the above. 29. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called _. A. transformational rulesB. generative rules C. phrase structure rules D. x-bar theory 30. The theory of case condition accounts for th胡壮麟版第五章欢迎下载广欢迎下载告网址欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载欢迎下载欢迎下载语言学教程复习题与答案胡壮麟版第六章
15、欢迎下载广告网址广告网址欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载 欢迎下载 3 e fact that _. A. noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions. B. noun phrases can be used to modify another noun phrase C. noun phrase can be used in adverbial positions D. noun phrase can be moved to any place if necessary. 31. The sente
16、nce structure is _. A. only linear B. Only hierarchical C. complex D. both linear and hierarchical 32. The syntactic rules of any language are _ in number. A. large B. small C. finite D. infinite 33. The _ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences A. lexical B. m
17、orphological C. linguistic D. combinational 34._ rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence. A. Generative B. Transformational C. X-bar D. Phrase structure IV. Define the following terms: 35. syntax 36. Sentence 37. coordinate sentence 38. syntactic categories 39. grammatical relati
18、ons 40. linguistic competence 41. transformational rules 42. D-structure V. Answer the following questions: 43. What are the basic components of a sentence? 44. What are the major types of sentences? Illustrate them with examples. 45. Are the elements in a sentence linearly structured? Why? 46. What
19、 are the advantages of using tree diagrams in the analysis of sentence structures? 47. What is NP movement. Illustrate it with examples. I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: l.F 2.T 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.T 7.T 8.F 9.F 10.T 11.F 12.T 13.T 14.T II. Fill in each of the following
20、 blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 15. simple, 16. sentence 17. subject 18. predicate 19. complex 20.embedded 21. open 22.adjacency 23.Parameters 24.Case III. There are four given choices for each statement below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 25. D 26.
21、 D 27. A 28. D 29. A 30. A 31. D 32. C 33. D 34. BIV. Define the following terms: 35. syntax: Syntax is a subfield of linguistics. It studies the sentence structure of language. It consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. 3胡壮
22、麟版第五章欢迎下载广欢迎下载告网址欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载欢迎下载欢迎下载语言学教程复习题与答案胡壮麟版第六章欢迎下载广告网址广告网址欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载 欢迎下载 4 6. Sentence: A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. Normally, a sentence consists of at least
23、a subject and a predicate which contains a finite verb or a verb phrase. 37. coordinate sentence: A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word called coordinating conjunction, such as and, but, or. 38. syntactic categories: Apart from sentences and clauses, a syntactic categor
24、y usually refers to a word (called a lexical category) or a phrase ( called a phrasal category) that performs a particular grammatical function. 39. grammatical relations: The structural and logical functional relations of constituents are called grammatical relations. The grammatical relations of a
25、 sentence concern the way each noun phrase in the sentence relates to the verb. In many cases, grammatical relations in fact refer to who does what to whom .40. linguistic competence: Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized lingui
26、stic knowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic competence.41. Transformational rules: Transformational rules are the rules that transform one sentence type into another type.42. D-structure: D- structure is the level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place. Phra
27、se structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.V. Answer the following questions: 43. What are the basic components of a sentence? Normally, a sentence consists of at least a subject and its predicate which contains a finite verb or a verb phras
28、e. 44. What are the major types of sentences? Illustrate them with examples. Traditionally, there are three major types of sentences. They are simple sentence, coordinate( compound) sentence, and complex sentence. A simple sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate
29、 and stands alone as its own sentence, for example: John reads extensively. A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word that is called coordinating conjunction, such as and, but, or. For example: John is reading a linguistic book, and Mary is preparing for her hist胡壮麟版第五章欢迎下载
30、广欢迎下载告网址欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载欢迎下载欢迎下载语言学教程复习题与答案胡壮麟版第六章欢迎下载广告网址广告网址欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载 欢迎下载 5 ory exam. A complex sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other. The two clauses in a complex sentence do not have equal status, one is subordinate to the other.
31、 For exam-ple: Before John gave her a lecture, Mary showed no interest in lin-guistics. 45. Are the elements in a sentence linearly structured? Why? No. Language is both linearly and hierarchically structured. When a sentence is uttered or written down, the words of the sentence are produced one aft
32、er another in a sequence. A closer examination of a sentence shows that a sentence is not composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic. In fact, sen-tences are also hierarchically structured. They are orga-nized by g
33、rouping together words of the same syntactic category, such as noun phrase (NP) or verb phrase (VP), as can be seen from the following tree diagram: S NP VP Det N Vt NP Det N The boy likes the music. 46. What are the advantages of using tree diagrams in the analysis of sentence structures? The tree
34、diagram can not only reveal a linear order, but also a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents. It can, in addition, show the syntactic category of each structural constituent, thus it is believed to most truthfully illustrate the constituent relationship among linguist
35、ic elements. 47. What is NP movement. Illustrate it with examples. NP movement in-volves the movement of a noun phrase. NP-movement occurs when, for example, a sentence changes from the active voice to the passive voice: (A) The man beat the child. (B). The child was beaten by the man. B is the resu
36、lt of the movement of the noun phrases the man and the child from their original positions in (A) to new positions. That is, the man is postposed to the right and the child is preposed to the left. Not all instances of NP-movement, however, are related to changing a sentence from the active voice to
37、 the passive voice. For example: (C) It seems they are quite fit for the job. (D) They seem quite fit for the job. These sentences are identical in meaning, but diff胡壮麟版第五章欢迎下载广欢迎下载告网址欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载欢迎下载欢迎下载语言学教程复习题与答案胡壮麟版第六章欢迎下载广告网址广告网址欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载 欢迎下载 6 erent in their superfi-cia
38、l syntactic representations. It is believed that they have the same underly-ing structure, but (27b) is the result of an NP movement. 语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版第五章) I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such
39、 as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English. 2. Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the i
40、nherent meaning of the linguistic form. 3. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations. 4. In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience. 5. Contextualism is based on the pre
41、sumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. 6. Behaviourists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer. 7. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the
42、meanings of all its components. 8. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality. 9. “it is hot. ” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument. 10. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basi
43、c unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 11. S_ can be defined as the study of meaning. 12. The conceptualist view h
44、olds that there is no d_ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to. 13. R_ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. 14. W胡壮麟版第五章欢迎下载广欢迎下载告网址欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载
45、欢迎下载欢迎下载语言学教程复习题与答案胡壮麟版第六章欢迎下载广告网址广告网址欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载 欢迎下载 7 ords that are close in meaning are called s_. 15. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called h_. 16.R_ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship
46、 between the two items. 17. C _ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components. 18. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s_ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. 19.
47、 An a_ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element(s) in a sentence. 20. According to the n _ theory of meaning, the words in a lan-guage are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for. III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the cho
48、ice that can best complete the statement: 21. The naming theory is advanced by _. A. Plato B. Bloomfield C. Geoffrey Leech D. Firth 22. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps. ” This statement represents _. A. the conceptualist view B. contexutalism C. the naming theory D.behaviourism 23. Whi
49、ch of the following is not true? A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form. C. Sense is abstract and de-contextualized. D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in. 24
50、. “Can I borrow your bike? ” _ “ You have a bike. ” A. is synonymous with B. is inconsistent with C. entails D. presupposes 25. _ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. A. Predication analysis B. Componential analysis C. Phonemic a
51、nalysis D. Grammatical analysis 26. “alive” and “dead ” are _. A. gradable antonyms B. relational opposites C. complementary antonyms D. None of the above 27. _ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. A. Reference B. Concept C. Semantics
52、 D. Sense 28. _ refers to the pheno广胡壮麟版第五章欢迎下载广欢迎下载告网址欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载欢迎下载欢迎下载语言学教程复习题与答案胡壮麟版第六章欢迎下载广告网址广告网址欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载 欢迎下载 8 告网址 n that words having different meanings have the same form. A. Polysemy B. Synonymy C. Homonymy D. Hyponymy 29. Words that are close in meaning are call
53、ed _. A. homonyms B. polysemy C. hyponyms D. synonyms 30. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _. A. grammatical rules B. selectional restrictions C. semantic rules D. semantic features IV. Define the following terms: 31. semantics 32. sense 33 . reference 34. synonymy 35. polysemy 36. ho
54、monymy 37. homophones 38. Homographs 39. complete homonyms 40. hyponymy 41.antonymy 42 componential analysis 43.grammatical meaning 44. predication 45. Argument 46. predicate 47. Two-place predication V. Answer the following questions: 48. Why do we say that a meaning of a sentence is not the sum to
55、tal of the meanings of all its components? 49. What is componential analysis? Illustrate it with examples. 50. How do you distinguish between entailment and presupposition in terms of truth values? 51. How do you account for such sense relations between sentences as synonymous relation, inconsistent
56、 relation in terms of truth values? 52. According to the way synonyms differ, how many groups can we classify synonyms into? Illustrate them with examples. 53. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? How they differ? I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or Fal
57、se: l.F 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.T 6.T 7.F 8.T 9.T 10.T II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 11. Semantics 12. direct 13.Reference 14. synonyms 15.homophones 16.Relational 17. Componential 18. selectional 19. argument 20. naming III. There are four choices
58、following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 2l.A 22.B 23.D 24.D 25.B 26.C 27.A 28.C 29.D 30.A IV. Define the following terms: 31. Semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language. 32. Sense: Sense is concerned with the inherent meanin
59、g of the lingui胡壮麟版第五章欢迎下载广欢迎下载告网址欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载欢迎下载欢迎下载语言学教程复习题与答案胡壮麟版第六章欢迎下载广告网址广告网址欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载 欢迎下载 9 stic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de -contextualised. 33. Reference: Reference means what a linguistic form refers
60、to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience 34. Synonymy :Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. 35. Polysemy :Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than o
61、ne meaning. 36. Homonymy :Homonymy refers to the pheno广告网址n that words having different mean-ings have the same form, i.e. , different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. 37. homophones :When two words are identical in sound, they are called homophones 38. homographs :When two word
62、s are identical in spelling, they are homographs. 39. complete homonyms.:When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are called complete homonyms. 40.Hyponymy :Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. 41. Antonymy :
63、Antonymy refers to the relation of oppositeness of meaning. 42. Componential analysis : Componential analysis is a way to analyze word meaning. It was pro-posed by structural semanticists. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a -word can be divided into meaning components, which a
64、re called semantic features. 43.The grammatical meaning : The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality, i.e. , its grammatical well-formedness . The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language. 44. predica-tion :The predica-tion is the abst
65、raction of the meaning of a sentence. 45. ar-gument : An ar-gument is a logical participant in a predication. It is generally identical with the nominal element (s) in a sentence. 46. predicate : A predicate is something that is said about an argument or it states the logical relation linking the ar
66、guments in a sentence. 47. two-place predication : A two-place predication is one which con-tains two arguments. V. Answer the following questions: 48. Why do we say that a meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components? The meaning of a sentence is not the sum tota
67、l of the胡壮麟版第五章欢迎下载广欢迎下载告网址欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载欢迎下载欢迎下载语言学教程复习题与答案胡壮麟版第六章欢迎下载广告网址广告网址欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载 欢迎下载 10 meanings of all its components because it cannot be worked out by adding up all the meanings of its constituent words. For example; (A) The dog bit the man. (B) The man bit the dog.
68、If the meaning of a sentence were the sum total of the meanings of all its components, then the above two sentences would have the same meaning. In fact they are different in meanings. As we know, there are two aspects to sentence meaning: grammatical mean-ing and semantic meaning. The grammatical m
69、eanings of “the dog ” and “the man ” in (A) are different from the grammatical meanings of “the dog ” and “the man ” in (B). The meaning of a sentence is the product of both lexical and grammatical meaning. It is the product of the meaning of the constituent words and of the grammatical construction
70、s that relate one word syntagmatically to another. 49. What is componential analysis? Illustrate it with examples. Componential analysis, pro-posed by structural semanticists, is a way to analyze word meaning. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning
71、 components, which are called semantic features. Plus and minus signs are used to indicate whether a certain semantic feature is present or absent in the meaning of a word, and these feature symbols are usually written in capitalized letters. For example, the word “man ” is ana-lyzed as consisting o
72、f the semantic features of + HUMAN, + ADULT, + ANIMATE, +MALE 50. How do you distinguish between entailment and presupposition in terms of truth values? Entailment is a relation of inclusion. Suppose there are two sentences X and Y: X: He has been to France. Y: He has been to Europe. In terms of tru
73、th values, if X is true, Y is necessarily true, e.g. If he has been to France, he must have been to Europe. If X is false, Y may be true or false, e. g. If he has not been to France, he may still have been to Europe or he has not been to Europe. If Y is true, X may be true or false, e.g. If he has b
74、een to Europe, he may or may not have been to France. If Y is false, X is false, e.g. If he has not been to Europe, he cannot have been to France. Therefore we conclude that X entails Y or Y is an entailment of X. The truth conditions that we use to judge presuppositi胡壮麟版第五章欢迎下载广欢迎下载告网址欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢
75、迎下载欢迎下载欢迎下载语言学教程复习题与答案胡壮麟版第六章欢迎下载广告网址广告网址欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载 欢迎下载 11 on is as follows: Suppose there are two sentences X and Y X: John s bike needs repairing. Y: John has a bike. If X is true, Y must be true, e.g. If John s bike needs repairing, John must have a bike. If X is false, Y is st
76、ill true, e. g. If John s bike does not need repairing, John still has a bike. If Y is true, X is either true or false, e.g. If John has a bike, it may or may not need repairing. If Y is false, no truth value can be said about X, e.g. If John does not have a bike, nothing can be said about whether h
77、is bike needs repairing or not. Therefore, X presupposes Y, or Y is a presupposition of X. 51. How do you account for such sense relations between sentences as synonymous relation, inconsistent relation in terms of truth values? In terms of truth condition, of the two sentences X and Y, if X is true
78、, Y is true; if X is false, Y is false, therefore X is synonymous with Y e.g. X; He was a bachelor all his life. Y: He never married all his life. Of the two sentences X and Y, if X is true, Y is false; if X is false, Y is true, then we can say A is inconsistent with Y e.g. X: John is married. Y: Jo
79、hn is a bachelor.52. According to the ways synonyms differ, how many groups can we classify synonyms into? Illustrate them with examples. According to the ways synonyms differ, synonyms can be divided into the following groups. i. Dialectal synonyms They are synonyms which are used in different regi
80、onal dialects. British English and American English are the two major geographical varieties of the English language. For examples: British English American English autumn fall lift elevator Then dialectal synonyms can also be found within British, or American English itself. For example, girl is ca
81、lled lass or lassie in Scottish dialect, and liquor is called whisky in Irish dialect. ii. Stylistic synonyms They are synonyms which differ in style or degree of formality. Some of the stylistic synonyms tend to be more formal, others tend to be casual, and still oth-ers are neutral in style. For e
82、xample: old man, daddy, dad, father, male parent chap, pal, friend, companion iii. Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning They are the words that have the same meaning but express different胡壮麟版第五章欢迎下载广欢迎下载告网址欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载欢迎下载欢迎下载语言学教程复习题与答案胡壮麟版第六章欢迎下载广告网址广告网址欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载广
83、告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载 欢迎下载 12 emotions of the user. The emotions of the user indicate the attitude or bias of the user toward what he is talking about . For exam-ple, “collaborator” and “accomplice” are synonymous, sharing the meaning of a person who helps another, but they are different in their evaluative m
84、eaning. The former means that a person who helps another in do-ing something good, while the latter refers to a person who helps another in a criminal act. iv. Collocational synonyms They are synonyms which differ in their collocation. For example, we can use accuse, charge, rebuke to say that someo
85、ne has done something wrong or even criminal, but they are used with different preposi-tions accuse. . . of, charge. . . with, rebuke. . .for. v. V. Semantically different synonyms Semantically different synonyms refer to the synonyms that differ slight-ly in what they mean. For example, amaze and a
86、stound are very close in meaning to the word surprise, but they have very subtle differences in meaning. While amaze suggests confusion and bewilderment, astound implies difficulty in believing. 53. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? How do they differ? One of the oldest was t
87、he naming theory, proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato, who believed that the words used in a language are taken to be la-bels of the objects they stand for. The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a lin-guistic form and what it refers to. The form and the meaning ar
88、e linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. Two kinds of context are recognized; the situational context and the linguistic context. For example, the meaning of the word s
89、eal in the sentence The seal could not be found can only be determined ac-cording to the context in which the sentence occurs: The seal could not be found. The zoo keeper became worried. (seal meaning an aquatic mammal) The seal could not be fou 胡壮麟版第五章欢迎下载广欢迎下载告网址欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载欢迎下载欢迎下载语言学教程复习题与答案
90、胡壮麟版第六章欢迎下载广告网址广告网址欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载 欢迎下载 13 nd. The king became worried. (seal meaning the kings stamp) Behaviorism drew on behaviorist psychology when he tried to define the meaning of linguistic forms. Behaviorists attempted to de-fine the meaning of a language form as the situation in
91、 which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer. 语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版第六章) Historical Linguistics I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. One of the tasks of the historical linguists is to explore methods to reconstruct linguistic history and est
92、ablish the relationship between languages. 2. Language change is a gradual and constant process, therefore often indiscernible to speakers of the same generation. 3. The history of the English language is divided into the periods of Old English, Middle English and Modern English. 4. Middle English b
93、egan with the arrival of Anglo-Saxons, who invaded the British Isles from northern Europe. 5. In Old English, all the nouns are inflected to mark nominative, genitive, dative and accusative cases. 6. In Old English, the verb of a sentence often precedes the subject rather than follows it. 7. A direc
94、t consequence of the Renaissance Movement was the revival of French as a literary language. 8. In general, linguistic change in grammar is more noticeable than that in the sound system and the vocabulary of a language. 9. The sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, and in the loss, gain and m
95、ovement of sounds. 10. The least widely-spread morphological changes in the historical development of English are the loss and addition of affixes. 11. In Old English, the morphosyntactic rule of adjective agreement stipulated that the endings of adjective must agree with the head noun in case, numb
96、er and gender. 12. The word order of Modern English is more variable than that of Old English. 13. Derivation refers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots, stems, or words. 14. “Smog ” is a word formed by the word-forming process胡壮麟版第五章欢迎下载广欢迎下载告网址欢迎下载广
97、告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载欢迎下载欢迎下载语言学教程复习题与答案胡壮麟版第六章欢迎下载广告网址广告网址欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载 欢迎下载 14 called acronymy. 15. “fridge ” is a word formed by abbreviation. 16. Modern linguists are able to provide a consistent account for the exact causes of all types of language change. 17. Sound assimilation may bring
98、about the loss of one of two phonetically similar syllables in sequence, as in the case of change of “Engla-land ” to “England ”. 18. Rule elaboration occurs when there is a need to reduce ambiguity and increase communicative clarity or expressiveness. 19. Language change is always a change towards
99、the simplification of language rules 20. The way children acquire the language is one of the causes for language change. II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 21. H_ linguistics is the subfield of linguistics that studies language change. 22. The
100、historical study of language is a d_ study of language rather than a synchronic study. 23. European R_ Movement separates the period of Middle English from that of modern English. 24. An important set of extensive sound changes, which affected 7 long or tense vowels and which led to one of the major
101、 discrepancies between phonemic representations of words and morphemes at the end of the Middle English Period, is known as the Great V_ Shift. 25. A_ involves the deletion of a word-final vowel segment. 26. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word i
102、s known as e_. 27. The three sets of consonant shifts that Grimm discovered became known collectively as Grimm s L _. 28. Sound change as a result of sound movement, known as m_, involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. 29. B_ is a process by which new words are formed by tak
103、ing away the supposed suffixes of exiting words. 30. Semantic b_ refers to the process in which the meaning of a word becomes more general or inclusive than its historically earlier denotation. 31. The original form of a language family that has ceased to exist is called the p_. 32. Sound a_ refers
104、to the physiological effect of one sound on another. In this process, successive sounds are made identical or similar to one another in terms 胡壮麟版第五章欢迎下载广欢迎下载告网址欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载欢迎下载欢迎下载语言学教程复习题与答案胡壮麟版第六章欢迎下载广告网址广告网址欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载 欢迎下载 15 of place or manner of articulation. 33. In order
105、 to reduce the exceptional or irregular morphemes, speakers of a particular language may borrow a rule from one part of the grammar and apply it generally. This pheno广告网址 n is called i_ borrowing. 34. By identifying and comparing similar linguistic forms with similar meanings across related language
106、s, historical linguists reconstruct the proto form in the common ancestral language. This process is called c_ reconstruction. 35. The m _ rule of adjective agreement has been lost from English. III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statemen
107、t: 36. Historical linguistics explores _. A. the nature of language changeB. the causes that lead to language change C. the relationship between languages D. all of the above37. Language change is _. A. universal, continuous and ,to a large extent, regular and systematic B. continuous, regular, syst
108、ematic, but not universal C. universal, continuous, but not regular and systematic D. always regular and systematic, but not universal and continuous 38. Modern English period starts roughly _. A. from 449 to 1100 B. from 1500 to the present C. from 1100 to the present D. from 1700 to the present 39
109、. Old English dates back to the mid-fifth century when _. A. the Norman French invaders under William the Conqueror arrived in England B. the printing technology was invented C. Anglo-Saxons invaded the British Isles from northern Europe D. the Celtic people began to inhabit England 40. Middle Engli
110、sh was deeply influenced by _. A. Norman French in vocabulary and grammar B. Greek and Latin because of the European renaissance movement C. Danish languages because Denmark placed a king on the throne of England D. the Celtic people who were the first inhabitants of England 41. Language change is e
111、ssentially a matter of change _. A. in collocations B. in meaning C. in grammar D. in usages 42. In Old and Middle English, both /k/ and /n/ in the word “knight ” were pronounced, but in modern English, /k/ in the sound /kn-/ clusters was not pronounced. This pheno广告网址 n is known as _. A. sound addi
112、tion B. sound loss C. sound shift D. sound movement 胡壮麟版第五章欢迎下载广欢迎下载告网址欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载欢迎下载欢迎下载语言学教程复习题与答案胡壮麟版第六章欢迎下载广告网址广告网址欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载 欢迎下载 16 43. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as _. A. apocope B. epenthesis C.
113、parenthesis D. antithesis 44. Segmenttch of sound positions can be seen in the example of the modern word “ bird ” which comes from the old English word “bridd ”. The change of the word from “bridd ” to “bird ” is a case of _. A. metathesis B. sound loss C. sound addition D. apocope 45. _ is a proce
114、ss of combining two or more words into one lexical unit. A. Derivation B. Blending C. Compounding D. Abbreviation 46. “Wife ”, which used to refer to any woman, stands for “ a married woman” in modern English. This pheno广告网址 n is known as _. A. semantic shift B. semantic broadening C. semantic eleva
115、tion D. semantic narrowing 47. English language belongs to _. A. Indo-European Family B. Sino-Tibetan Family C. Austronesian Family D. Afroasiatic Family 48. By analogy to the plural formation of the word “dog-s ”, speakers started saying “cows ” as the plural of “cow ” instead of the earlier plural
116、 “kine ”. This is the case of _. A. elaboration B. external borrowing C. sound assimilation D. internal borrowing 49. Morphologcial changes can involve _. A. the loss of morphological rules B. the addition of morphological rules C. the alteration of morphological rules D. all of the above 50. The mo
117、st dramatic morphological loss concerns the loss of _. A. comparative markers B. tense markers C. gender and case markers D. none of the above IV. Define the following terms: 51. Apocope 52. Metathesis 53. Derivation 54. back-formation 55. semantic narrowing 56.protolanguage 57. haplology 58. epenth
118、esis 59. Compounding 60. Blending 61. semantic broadening 62. semantic shift 63. Great Vowel Shift 64. acronym 65. sound assimilation V. Answer the following questions: 66. What is the purpose or significance of the historical study of language? 67. What are the characte胡壮麟版第五章欢迎下载广欢迎下载告网址欢迎下载广告网址欢迎
119、下载欢迎下载欢迎下载欢迎下载语言学教程复习题与答案胡壮麟版第六章欢迎下载广告网址广告网址欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载 欢迎下载 17 ristics of the nature of language change? 68. What are the major periods in the history of English? 69. As language changes over time, the meaning of a word may deviate from its original denotation. Discuss the major ty
120、pes of semantic changes. 70. Over the years from Old English period to the Modern English period, English has undergone some major sound changes. Illustrate these changes with some examples. 71. What are the most widely-spread morphological changes in the historical development of English? 72. What
121、are the causes of language change? Discuss them in detail. I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: l.T 2.T 3.T 4.F 5.F 6.T 7.F 8.F 9.T 10.F 11.T 12.F 13.T 14.F 15.F 16. F 17. T 18. T 19. F 20.T II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the
122、letter given: 21.Historical 22.diachronic 23.Renaissance 24.Vowel 25.Apocope 26.epenthesis 27.Law 28. Metathesis 29.Backformation 30.broadening 31.protolanguage 32.assimilation 33. internal parative 35. morphosyntactic III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can be
123、st complete the statement: 36.D 37.A 38.B 39.C 40.A 41.C 42.B 43.B 44.A 45.C 46. D 47.A 48. D 49. D 50. C IV. Define the following terms: 1. Apocope : Apocope is the deletion of a word-final vowel segment. 2. Metathesis: Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as metathesis. It involves
124、a reversal in position of two neighbouring sound seg-ments. 3. Derivation: It is a process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots, stems or words. 4. back-formation: It is a process by which new words are formed by taking away the supposed suffix of an existing word. 5
125、. semantic narrowing: Semantic narrowing is a process in which the meaning of a word be-comes less general or inclusive than its historically earlier meaning. 6. Protolanguage: It is the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist. 7. Haplology: It refers to the pheno广告网址 n of the lo
126、ss of one of two 胡壮麟版第五章欢迎下载广欢迎下载告网址欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载欢迎下载欢迎下载语言学教程复习题与答案胡壮麟版第六章欢迎下载广告网址广告网址欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载 欢迎下载 18 phonetically similar syllables in sequence. 8. Epenthesis: A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis.
127、 9. Compounding: It is a process of combining two or more than two words into one lexical unit. 10. Blending: It is a process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words. 11. semantic broadening: Semantic broadening refers to the process in which the meaning of a word becomes more genera
128、l or inclusive than its historically earlier denota-tion. 62. semantic shift: Semantic shift is a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and acquires a new, sometimes related, meaning.63. Great Vowel Shift: It is a series of systematic sound change at the end of the Midd
129、le English period approximately between 1400 and 1600 in the history of English that involved seven long vowels and consequently led to one of the major discrepancies between English pronunciation and its spelling system.64. Acronym: An acronym is a word created by combining the initials of a number
130、 of words. 65. sound assimilation: Sound assimilation refers to the physiological effect of one sound on an-other. In an assimilative process, successive sounds are made identical, or more similar, to one another in terms of place or manner of articulation, or of haplology. V. Answer the following q
131、uestions: 66. What is the purpose or significance of the historical study of language? 1) Researches in historical linguistics shed light on prehistoric developments in the evolution of language and the connections of earlier and later variants of the same lan-guage and provide valuable insights int
132、o the kinship patterns of different languages. 2) The identification of the changes that a particular language has undergone enables us to reconstruct the linguistic history of that language, and thereby hypothesizes its earlier forms from which current speech and writing have evolved. 3) The histor
133、ical study of language also en-ables them to determine how non - linguistic factors, such as social, cultural and psychological factors, interact over time to cause linguistic change. 67. What are the characteristics of the nature of language change? All living languages change with time and languag
134、e change is inevitable. As a general rule, language change is universal, continuous and, to a considerable de-gree, regular and systematic. 胡壮麟版第五章欢迎下载广欢迎下载告网址欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载欢迎下载欢迎下载语言学教程复习题与答案胡壮麟版第六章欢迎下载广告网址广告网址欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载 欢迎下载 19 Language change is extensive, taking place in virt
135、ually all aspects of the grammar. Although language change is universal, inevitable, and in some cases, vigorous, it is never an overnight occurrence, but a gradual and constant process, often indiscernible to speakers of the same generation. 68. What are the major periods in the history of English?
136、 The major periods in the history of English are Old English period (roughly from 449 to 1100), Middle English period(roughly from 1100 to 1500), and Modern English period (roughly from 1500 to the pre-sent). Old English dates back to the mid-fifth century when Anglo-Saxons invaded the British Isles
137、 from northern Europe. The pronunciation of Old English is very different from its modem form. For example, the Old English word ham is pronounced as /ha:m/. In terms of morphology, nearly half of the nouns are inflected to mark nomi-native , genitive, dative, and accusative cases . In addition, suf
138、fixes are added to verbs to indicate tense. Syntactical-ly , the verb of an Old English sentence precedes, hut does not follow, the subject. Middle English began when the Norman French invaders invaded England under William the Conqueror in 1066. Middle English had been deeply influenced by Norman F
139、rench in vocabulary and grammar. For example, such terms as army, court, defense, faith, prison and tax came from the language of the French rulers. Modern English period starts with European renaissance move-ment. A di-rect consequence of the Renaissance movement was the revival of Latin as a liter
140、ary language. In the post-Renaissance period, the British Empire set up English-speaking colonies in many parts of the world. By the nineteenth century, English was recognized as the language of the government, the law, higher education, and business and commerce in the United States, Canada, Austra
141、lia and New Zealand. Today Modern English is widely used and has in fact become an important tool of international communication among peoples of different countries. 69. As language changes over time, the meaning of a word may deviate from its original denotation. Discuss the major types of semanti
142、c changes. Major types of semantic changes are semantic broadening, semantic narrowing and semantic shift. Semantic broadening refers to the process in which the meaning of a word becomes more 胡壮麟版第五章欢迎下载广欢迎下载告网址欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载欢迎下载欢迎下载语言学教程复习题与答案胡壮麟版第六章欢迎下载广告网址广告网址欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载 欢迎下载
143、20 general or inclusive than its historically earlier denota-tion. Take the word holiday for example, The older meaning was a holy day. Today everyone enjoys a holiday, whether he or she is religious or not. Semantic narrowing is a process in which the meaning of a word be-comes less general or incl
144、usive than its historically earlier meaning. For ex-ample, wife, used to mean any woman, but now it means “married fe-males” only. Semantic shift is a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and acquires a new, sometimes related, meaning. For example, the word silly meant
145、 “happy ” in Old English, and naive in Middle English, but foolish in Modern English. 70. Over the years from Old English period to the Modern English period, English has undergone some major sound changes. Illustrate these changes with some examples. The major sound changes include changes in vowel
146、 sounds, and in the loss, gain and movement of sounds. The changes in vowel sounds can be seen in the Great Vowel Shift in the history of English, which led to one of the major dis-agreements between the pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English. These changes involve seven long, or te
147、nse vowels, for example Words Middle English Modem English Five fi:v faiv MouseMu:s maus Feet fe:t fi:t Mood Md mu:d Break Br:kenbreik Sounds do not just change, they can be lost. vowel sounds change, but some sounds simply disappeared from the general pronunciation of English. One example of sound
148、loss is the /kn - / clusters in the word - initial position. In Old and Middle English, both /k/ and /n/ were pro-nounced, as is shown in the spelling of such words as knight and knee. Although Modern English spelling of these words still keeps the initial letter k, its sound is no longer pronounced
149、. Sound changes can also take the form of sound addition. Sound addition includes the gain or insertion of a sound, for example: spinle spindle emty empty Sound change can take the form of sound movement. It involves a reversal in position of two neighbouring sound seg-ments. For example, the /r/ so
150、und in the Old English words bridd (bird) and hros (horse) was moved to the right of the vowel sounds in their Modem English counterparts bird and horse. 71. What are the 胡壮麟版第五章欢迎下载广欢迎下载告网址欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载欢迎下载欢迎下载语言学教程复习题与答案胡壮麟版第六章欢迎下载广告网址广告网址欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载 欢迎下载 21 most widely-spread
151、morphological changes in the historical development of English? The most widely-spread morphological changes in the historical development of English are the loss and addition of affixes. A number of morphological rules in Old English are now lost in Modern English. Some of these rules are about der
152、ivational affixes, such as suffixes -baere and -bora . In Old English an adjective would derive if -baere was added to a noun, such as: lust (pleasure) + baere lustbaere (agreeable) But this rule has been lost in modern English. The most dramatic morphological loss concerns the loss of gender and ca
153、se marking. In Old English,for example, st?n (stone) was marked masculine, while gief (gift) and dor (wild animal) were marked respectively feminine and neuter. In modern English, the gender markers of these words have been lost. Some affixes have been added to the English morphological system.Take
154、-able for example, it has been added to English since the Old English period. At first, words ending in -able, such as favourable and conceivable, were borrowed altogether from French. Then this suffix be-came a productive rule in English. It was used with other verbs to form ad-jectives. Contempora
155、ry English speakers apply this suffix rule to more stems, thus producing new adjectives such as payable, and “washable.” 72.What are the causes of language change? Discuss them in detail. Language changes are due to the following causes: 1) Sound assimilation: Sound assimilation refers to the physio
156、logical effect of one sound on an-other. In an assimilative process, successive sounds are made identical, or more similar, to one another in terms of place or manner of articulation, or of haplology, the loss of one of two phonetically similar syllables in sequence. For example, the Old English wor
157、d Engla-land (the land of the Angles) came to be pronounced “England ” through the assimilation of la-la sounds. 2) Rule simplification and regularization: Some changes are the result of simplification and regularization. The plural forms of borrowed words are usually irregular, thus complex. For ex
158、ample, the plural forms of agendum, datum, curriculum and memorandum are agenda , data , curricula and mem-oranda . The irregular plurals of these nouns have been replaced by regular 胡壮麟版第五章欢迎下载广欢迎下载告网址欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载欢迎下载欢迎下载语言学教程复习题与答案胡壮麟版第六章欢迎下载广告网址广告网址欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载 欢迎下载 22 plurals
159、 of agendas, curriculums, and memorandums among many speakers, thus making them simplified and regularized. 3) Internal borrowing: In order to reduce the number of ex-ceptional or irregular morphemes, speakers of a particular language may bor-row a rule from one part of the grammar and apply it gene
160、rally. For exam-ple, by analogy to the plural formation of foe-s and dog-s, speakers started saying cows as the plural of cow instead of the earlier plural kine. 4) Elaboration: Rule elaboration occurs when there is a need to reduce ambiguity and increase communicative clarity or expressiveness. If
161、a particular grammatical feature is lost as a re-sult of a change in the phonological system, some other feature may be added in another component of the grammar. 5) Social triggers: Socio-political changes such as wars, invasions, oc-cupation, colonization, and language planning and standardiza-tio
162、n policies lead to language changes. For example, in the history of English, the Norman Conquest marked the beginning of the Middle English period. And British colonial settlement, and the country s political, cultural and economic advances in distant lands such as North America, Oceania, South Afri
163、ca, and India lead to the change of English into British, American, Australian, South African and Indian varieties. 6) Cultural transmission: Although a new generation has to find a way of using the language of the previous generation, it has to find expressions that can best communicate the views a
164、nd concepts of the time and the changed and ever-changing social life, and re-create the language of the community. For example, while old people tend to call a refrigerator icebox, the younger generation is more often heard speaking of a fridge. This tenuous transmission process adds up to the inev
165、itable and ongoing language change and variation. 7) Childrens approximation toward the adult grammar:The way children acquire the language is another basic cause for lan-guage change. Children usually construct their personal grammars by themselves and generalize rules from the linguistic informati
166、on they hear. Children s grammar never models exactly after that of the adult speech community, because children are exposed to diverse linguistic infor-mation. All the above factors contribute to language changes. 胡壮麟版第五章欢迎下载广欢迎下载告网址欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载欢迎下载欢迎下载语言学教程复习题与答案胡壮麟版第六章欢迎下载广告网址广告网址欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载 欢迎下载 23 胡壮麟版第五章欢迎下载广欢迎下载告网址欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载欢迎下载欢迎下载语言学教程复习题与答案胡壮麟版第六章欢迎下载广告网址广告网址欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载广告网址欢迎下载欢迎下载
