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1、中考英语动词语态主动与被动语态知识讲解动词的语态是各地中考单项选择题、完成句子及句型转换等题型的必考知识点之一。考查内容主要涉及多种常见时态的被动语态。选项的设置均为在特定语境中考查一个动词的多种时态、不同语态的意义和用法的辨析。语句多为单句形式，在完成时态及情态动词的被动语态的句子考查中常常和宾语从句或者定语从句一起考查，而在句型转换中考查形式主要以主动语态和被动语态句型转换为主。 一、被动语态的构成【常见时态的被动语态】1.一般现在时-主动语态:do被动语态: am /is /are doneWe clean the classroom every day.我们每天打扫教室.The cla
2、ssroom is cleaned by us every day.教室每天都由我们打扫。2.一般过去时-主动语态:did被动语态: was /were doneWe cleaned the classroom yesterday.昨天我们打扫了教室。The classroom was cleaned by us yesterday. 昨天教室被我们打扫了.3.一般将来时-主动语态:will /shall do被动语态: will /shall be doneWe will clean the classroom soon.我们很快要打扫教室。The classroom will be cle
3、aned soon.教室很快要被打扫了。4.一般过去将来时一一主动语态: would do被动语态: would be doneWe told him that we would clean the classroom soon.我们告诉他我们马上就打扫教室.We told him that the classroom would be cleaned soon.我们告诉他教室很快就会被打扫的。 We will have cleaned the classroom by five oclock.我们将在五点之前打扫完教室.The classroom will have been cleaned
4、 by five oclock.教室将在五点以前打扫完。5.现在进行时-主动语态:am/is/ are doing被动语态: am/is/ are being doneWe are cleaning the classroom now.我们现在正在打扫教室。The classroom is being cleaned now.教室现在正在被打扫。6.过去进行时-主动语态:was /were doing被动语态: was /were being doneWe were cleaning the classroom this time yesterday.昨天这个时候我们在打扫教室。The cla
5、ssroom was being cleaned this time yesterday.昨天这个时候教室正在被打扫。7.现在完成时-主动语态: has/ have done被动语态: has/ have been doneThe classroom looks tidy. We have cleaned it.教室看起来很整洁.我们已经打扫了.The classroom looks tidy. It has been cleaned.教室看起来很整洁.它已经被打扫了.8.过去完成时-主动语态: had done被动语态: had been doneThe classroom looked t
6、idy. We had cleaned it.教室看起来很整洁.我们已经打扫过了。The classroom looked tidy. It had been cleaned.教室看起来很整洁。它已经被打扫过了。9.被动语态中常用的介词（1）by表示动作的执行者或施加者By whom is the book written这本书是谁写的?The children were driven indoors by the rain.孩子们被雨赶进了室内（2）with表示用某种工具The wolf was killed with a gun.狼被枪打死了。The field was spread wi
7、th wild flowers.田野里野花遍地。（3）from表示源于某种物质(看不出原材料)Good wine is made from grain.好酒是粮食制成的。（4）of表示用某种材料制成(看得出原材料)The table is made of wood.这张桌子是用木头做的。（5）其他介词You are wanted on the phone.有电话找你。He is known to everybody.大家都认识他。She was caught in the rain.她遭雨淋了。 动作执行者可以由介词by引出的短语表示，但被动语态句子中的by短语并不总是表示动作执行者。A po
8、liceman is known by the clothes he wears.警察可以通过他的服装辨认出来。(by表示方式)e was much flattered by her asking him to dinner.她邀请他吃晚饭，他受宠若惊了。(by表示原因)The snow was piled high by the gate.门口雪堆积得很高。(by表示地点)二、被动语态的用法A.不知道动作的执行者是谁时，用被动语态。The watch is made in China.这块手表是在中国制造的。The cup is broken.杯子被打碎了。B.没有必要指出动作的执行者是谁时
9、，用被动语态。More trees must be planted next year.明年必须种更多树。C.需要强调或突出动作的承受者时，用被动语态。Chinese is spoken by more and more people in the world.世界上越来越多的人在说汉语。D.动作的发出者不是人或者物时。Many houses were washed away by the flood.许多房屋被洪水冲走了。E.为了表示委婉或礼貌，避免提及动作执行者或说话者自己Everybody is expected to obey the following rules.希望大家遵守以下规
10、定.F.科技文献中为了客观地描述事情及其过程The film is coated with light-sensitive chemicals which are changed by the different shades and colours of light.胶卷上涂了一层感光的化学物质,这些物质因光的不同色度与颜色而改变.G.新闻报道中为了体现新闻的客观性The west-east gas pipeline project was kicked off on July 4a big event in the nations west development campaign.西气东
11、输工程7月4日全线开工，这是国家西部大开发战略的一件大事。H.有些动词习惯上常用被动语态She was born in this city.他出生在这个城市。被动语态中的by短语通常可以省去。但如果by短语是句子的重点所在，或者没有 by短语全句的意思不完整时，则要保留by短语。The vegetables didnt taste very good. They had been cooked too long.蔬菜的味道不好,烧的时间太长了.(不需要动作的执行者)She arrived at the airport ,where she was met by her friend.她到达了机
12、场并受到朋友的迎接。(没有by his friend,句子的意思不完整)Everybody was cast down by such news as that.大家都被那种消息培得很沮丧。(需要by短语)三、主动语态变被动语态的方法1.主动语态变为被动语态的步骤：A.主语+谓语+宾语主语+谓语+宾语结构中只有一个宾语,变为被动语态时,将宾语变为主语:They will discuss the plan at the meeting.他们将在会议上讨论这个问题.（主动句）The plan will be discussed at the meeting.这个问题将在会议上讨论.（被动句）注意：
13、主动语态的宾语为人称代词宾格，变成被动语态的主语时应改为人称代词的主格。Tom helped him.汤姆帮助了他。（主动句）He was helped by Tom.他被汤姆帮助了。（被动句）B.将动词改为be done结构注意：be动词要和新主语的时态和单复数形式保持一致。They held a meeting yesterday.昨天他们开会了。（主动句）A meeting was held by them yesterday.会议昨天由他们召开。（被动句）C.将主动语态的主语改为宾语由by引出，并且放在谓语动词后。注意：主动语态的主语为人称代词主格，变成被动语态时应改为人称代词的宾格。
14、She sang a song.他唱了一首歌。（主动句）A song was sung by him.一首歌被她所唱。（被动句）2.特殊情况下的主动语态变为被动语态：A.主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语(双宾语)所谓双宾语是指某些及物动词常常需要跟两个宾语：一个指人（间接宾语）、一个指物（直接宾语）。变成被动语态有两种方法，变化口诀：如遇双宾语，一般变间宾，若把直宾变，to/for间宾连。下列动词常常需要双宾语：give/pass/show与介词to搭配。We gave the student some books.我们给了这个学生几本书。（主动句）The student was given s
15、ome books.这个学生被给了几本书。（被动句，由主动句的间接宾语做被动句的主语）Some books were given to the student.几本书被给了这个学生。（被动句，由主动句的直接宾语作被动句的主语，这时要在间接宾语前加介词to）buy/make/cook与介词for搭配。My mother makes me a cake.妈妈做了一个蛋糕给我。（主动句）I was made a cake by my mother.（被动句，由主动句的间接宾语做被动句的主语）A cake was made for me by my mother.(被动句，由主动句的直接宾语作被动句的主语，这时要在间接宾语前加介词for)B.主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语(省略to的不定式作宾语补足语的被动语态)在这个句型中,谓语动词后有一个宾语和一个宾语补足语，变成被动语态时,宾语转化成主语,宾语补足语也随之变为主语补足语；注意：部分动词作谓语动词时除了需要宾语之外，还需要宾语补足语意思才完整。若宾语补足语为动词，在主动语态中常常省略不定式符号to,而在被动语态中作宾语补足语的动词前需加上不定式符号to，即主动语态to省略，被动语态to回来。这些动词是
