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1、GRAMMAGRAMMAR RAppositive 同位语是句子成分的一种同位语是句子成分的一种, 它位于名它位于名词、代词后面词、代词后面, 说明它们的性质和情说明它们的性质和情况况, 它可以由名词、代词、名词性短它可以由名词、代词、名词性短语或从句充当。语或从句充当。同位语同位语 the Appositive语法精解语法精解( (一一) )同位语的表现形式有以下几种：同位语的表现形式有以下几种：(1) 名词名词 Tom, our monitor, is a handsome boy. (2) 代词代词 I myself will do the experiment.(3) 数词数词 She
2、 is the oldest among them six.(4) 从句从句He told me the news that the plane had exploded. 他告他告诉我我飞机爆炸的消息。机爆炸的消息。(5) 由由such as, that is引引导Some subjects, such as maths and physics, are very difficult to learn. 某些学科某些学科,例如例如数学和物理数学和物理,是很是很难学的。学的。(6) 由由 of 引导引导 The city of Beijing has been greatly changed
3、since 2000. 自从自从2000年以来年以来, 北京市发生了很北京市发生了很大的变化大的变化。(7) 由由 or 引导引导 The freezing temperature, or freezing point, is the temperature at which water freezes under ordinary pressure. 结冰温度即冰点结冰温度即冰点,是水在常压下结冰是水在常压下结冰时的温度。时的温度。同位语从句同位语从句 the Appositive clause(1) 同位语从句的定义同位语从句的定义 在复合句中用作同位语的从句称为在复合句中用作同位语的从句
4、称为同位语从句。同位语从句是名词性从句同位语从句。同位语从句是名词性从句的一种。它在句中起同位语的作用。的一种。它在句中起同位语的作用。语法精解语法精解( (二二) )它一般放在它一般放在fact, news, idea, truth , hope , problem, information, belief, thought, doubt, promise, question 等名等名词的后面词的后面,对前面的名词作进一步的解对前面的名词作进一步的解释释,说明前面名词的具体含义。引导同说明前面名词的具体含义。引导同位语从句的词有连词位语从句的词有连词that,连接副词连接副词how, whe
5、n, where, whether 等。等。e.g. The hope that he may recover is not gone yet. The problem whether we should continue to do the experiment has been solved. I have no idea when he will come back. 同位语从句有时被别的词把它同位语从句有时被别的词把它和名词隔开：和名词隔开：注意注意: The story goes that William Tell killed the king with an arrow. Wor
6、d came that their team had won. 同位语从句的表现形式同位语从句的表现形式: 由由that引导引导 The fact that you havent enough time to do the work is simply unbelievable. The hope that he may come here is not gone yet. The news that he has been elected president of the United States is true. The truth that heavy objects and ligh
7、t objects fall at the same speed is known to all. The problem that she later developed a serious lung disease bothered scientists. 由由whether引导引导 The question whether we need more time to do the work has not been discussed. 由由when引导引导 I have no idea when they will go. 有时可用有时可用 namely (即即), that is to
8、 say (也就是说也就是说), in other words (换句话换句话说说), that is (那就是那就是), for example 等等引出同位语引出同位语, 说明其前面的名词或代说明其前面的名词或代词。有时同位语直接跟在名词或代词。有时同位语直接跟在名词或代词的后面词的后面。 He told us the good news, namely, the museum is open to all. There is only one way of improving your English , that is , to practice more. Altogether Do
9、lly had lived for six years, half the length of the life of the original sheep. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别同位语从句与定语从句的区别: 同位语从句与定语从句在使用中常同位语从句与定语从句在使用中常常混淆常混淆,我们可以从以下几个方面区我们可以从以下几个方面区别它们别它们: 同位语从句说明的名词大都是抽象同位语从句说明的名词大都是抽象名词名词;定语从句所修饰、限定的名词定语从句所修饰、限定的名词或代词有抽象的也有不抽象的。或代词有抽象的也有不抽象的。We express the hope that they will
10、 come to visit China again.(同位语从句同位语从句)Those who want to go please sign their names here.(定语从句定语从句) 同位语从句所说明的名词与从句没同位语从句所说明的名词与从句没有逻辑关系有逻辑关系, 定语从句所限定的名定语从句所限定的名词是从句逻辑上的主语、宾语、表词是从句逻辑上的主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等语、定语、状语等。The news that they won the match is true.(同位语从句同位语从句, news和从句没有逻辑关系和从句没有逻辑关系)The news that yo
11、u told us yesterday is true.(定语从句定语从句, news是是told的逻辑宾语的逻辑宾语)The order when we should go back hasnt reached us.(同位语从句同位语从句, order和从句没有逻辑关和从句没有逻辑关系系)The day when New China was founded will never be forgotten.(定语从句定语从句, day是是founded 的逻辑状语的逻辑状语) 同位语从句主要由连接词同位语从句主要由连接词that引导引导,有有时也可用时也可用when, where, who,
12、 whether等引导等引导; 定语从句由关系代词或关系定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导。副词引导。 Then he raised the question where they were to get the machine needed. Do you know the place where he was born? 引导同位语从句的连词不可省略引导同位语从句的连词不可省略;引导引导定语从句的关系代词作宾语时常可省定语从句的关系代词作宾语时常可省略。略。 The news that he has been elected monitor of our class is true. The
13、 news (that) he told me is exciting. 同位语从句与先行词一般可变成一个完同位语从句与先行词一般可变成一个完整句子整句子, 谓语动词用谓语动词用be的不同形式的不同形式。 He heard the news that their team had won. 此句可以变为一个表语从句此句可以变为一个表语从句: The news was that their team had won.练习练习1. Two fifths of all girls in America are on a diet./The fact worries their parents and
14、 teachers a lot.The fact that two fifths of all girls in America are on a diet worries their parents and teachers a lot.把下面两个句子连成一个含同位语从句把下面两个句子连成一个含同位语从句的复合句的复合句。2. The Queen of England was on a four-day visit in China./We heard the news last night.We heard the news last night that the Queen of Eng
15、land was on a four-day visit in china.3. Teenagers shouldnt spend too much time on line. /Many Chinese parents hold the view.Many Chinese parents hold the view that teenagers shouldnt spend too much time online.4. Time travel is possible./We have no scientific proof for the idea.We have no scientifi
16、c proof for the idea that time travel is possible.5. Students should be given more free time./The suggestion is welcomed by many people.The suggestion that students should be given more free time is welcomed by many people.1. We dont think you two have met before. 我们想你们两位以前没有见过面。我们想你们两位以前没有见过面。 (宾语从
17、句宾语从句)翻译句子翻译句子, ,并说明这个名词性从句的作用并说明这个名词性从句的作用。2. It is certain that John will do well in his exam. 约翰肯定会考好。约翰肯定会考好。 (主语从句主语从句)3. Whether they are coming or not dont matter too much. 他们来不来无关紧要。他们来不来无关紧要。 (主语从句主语从句)4. Now is when we need him most. 现在是我们最需要他的时候。现在是我们最需要他的时候。 (表语从句表语从句)5. I have no idea h
18、ow she got through the forest. 我不知道她是如何穿过那个森林的。我不知道她是如何穿过那个森林的。 (同位语从句同位语从句)5. The fact that they won the prize made us happy. 他们获奖的事实令我们高兴。他们获奖的事实令我们高兴。 (同位语从句同位语从句) 用适当的连接代词或连接副词填空用适当的连接代词或连接副词填空。1. I cant decide _ book I should buy.2. China is no longer _ it used to be.3. I am very interested in
19、_ he improved his English in such a short time.4. _ we need is more money.5. The truth _ the earth turns around the sun is known to us.which what how Whatthat1. One of them held the view _ the book said was right. A. what that B. that what C. that D. whether单词填空单词填空2. The reason _ he has to go is _
20、his mother is ill in bed. A, why ; why B. why; because C. why ; that D. that ; because3. They received orders _ the work be done right away. A. which B. that C. / D. when4. You can take the seat_ is free. A. which B. that C. where D. in which5. The film brought the hours back to me _ I was taken goo
21、d care of in that far-away village. A. until B. that C. when D .where6. Hes got himself into a dangerous situation _ he was likely to lose control over the plane. A. where B. which C. what D. why7. Thats the only thing _ he can do now A. which B. all C. that D. what8. Information has been put forwar
22、d _ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities. A. while B. that C. when D. as9. Along with the letter was his promise _ he would visit me this coming Christmas. A. which B. that C. what D. whether10. There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars _ road condi
23、tions need _. A. that; to be improved B. which; to be improved C. where; improving D. when; improving1. ALONG WITH THE LETTER WAS HIS PROMISE _ HE WOULD VISIT ME THIS COMING CHRISTMAS.( 2004春季上海春季上海 ) A. WHICH B. THAT C. WHAT D. WHETHER答案答案B 这是一个同位是一个同位语从句，解从句，解释promise的具体内容，要用的具体内容，要用that引引导。2. THE
24、RE IS A NEW PROBLEM INVOLVED IN THE POPULARITY OF PRIVATE CARS _ ROAD CONDITION NEED _ .( 2003年上海年上海 )A. THAT; TO BE IMPROVED B. WHICH; TO BE IMPROVEDC. WHERE; TO BE IMPROVED D. WHEN; IMPROVING解析：答案为解析：答案为A that引导同位语从句说明引导同位语从句说明“新问题新问题”的内容。的内容。Need后既可接动名词后既可接动名词主动式，也可接动词不定式被动式作宾语。主动式，也可接动词不定式被动式作宾语
25、。3. Theres a feeling in me _ well never know what a UFO is not ever. ( 2002年上海年上海) A. that B. which C. of which D. what解析：答案解析：答案A 同位语从句同位语从句that well never know what a UFO is not ever作作a feeling的的同位语，解释同位语，解释a feeling 的具体内容。的具体内容。That连连接同位语从句时只起连接作用，不作从句的接同位语从句时只起连接作用，不作从句的任何成分。任何成分。4. Information
26、has been put forward _ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.( 2001年上海年上海) A. while B. that C. when D. as解析：答案解析：答案B That引导从句作引导从句作information的同位语，解释的同位语，解释information的具体内容。的具体内容。5. These wild flowers are so special I would do _ I can to save them.( NMET2000春季北京春季北京) A. whatever B. that C. which D. whichever 解析：答案解析：答案A。do后接宾语从句，宾语后接宾语从句，宾语从句从句 I can 后省略了后省略了do，缺少宾语。，缺少宾语。Whatever在宾语从句中作宾语。在宾语从句中作宾语。
