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1、应用能力考试应用能力考试A级之级之阅读理解阅读理解主讲人:邓乐江主讲人:邓乐江阅读理解构成部分阅读理解构成部分 Task A 多项选择题多项选择题 Task B Task C 填空题填空题 Task D 匹配题匹配题 Task E 简答题简答题v英语应用能力英语应用能力A级考试主要测试以下级考试主要测试以下阅读技能:阅读技能:v了解语篇和段落的主旨和大意;了解语篇和段落的主旨和大意; v掌握语篇中的事实和主要情节;掌握语篇中的事实和主要情节;v理解语篇上下文的逻辑关系;理解语篇上下文的逻辑关系;v对句子和段落进行推理;对句子和段落进行推理;v了解作者的目的、态度和观点;了解作者的目的、态度和观
2、点;v根据上下文正确理解生词及其意思;根据上下文正确理解生词及其意思;v理解语篇的结论理解语篇的结论v进行信息转换进行信息转换主主 旨旨 大大 意意 型型事事 实实 细细 节节 型型 词词 义义 猜猜 测测 型型命命题题类类因此有关阅读理解题目主要因此有关阅读理解题目主要有以下几种有以下几种: :推推 理理 判判 断断 型型1)Whatdoesthewritermainlytellus?2)Whichofthefollowingcansummar-isethemainideaofthistext?3)Whichofthefollowingbestexpressesthemainidea?4)W
3、hichisthesubjectdiscussedinthetext?6)Whatsthebesttitleforthispassage?主旨大意题主旨大意题的常见的提问形式的常见的提问形式:主旨大意题答题技巧主旨大意题答题技巧v1.认真阅读文章的第一段或每段的第一个句子。认真阅读文章的第一段或每段的第一个句子。v2.文章的主题作者往往有意识地反复论述。文章的主题作者往往有意识地反复论述。抓住反复出现的抓住反复出现的中心词,即高频词,也叫做主题词。中心词,即高频词,也叫做主题词。v3.文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的提示后。文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的提示后。v例如:例
4、如:On the whole , in short, therefore I agree with the opinion that Given all these points above , I would support the idea that For all the reasons mentioned above ,I would prefer 如何寻找主题句如何寻找主题句Sample 1 People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have ha
5、d steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast-foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a so
6、ft drink. (1)主题句在段首)主题句在段首 主题句常常是一个段落的开头,其后的句子则是论证性主题句常常是一个段落的开头,其后的句子则是论证性细节。在论说文,科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。细节。在论说文,科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。 Sample 2Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion ty
7、pe of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time. (2 2)主题句也会出现在段尾。)主题句也会出现在段尾。作者先摆出事实依据作者先摆出事实依据, , 层层推理论证层层推理论证, , 最后自然得出结论最后自然得出结论, , 即段落的主题。即段落的主题。本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现, ,它是此段内容的结它是此段内容的结论。论。 Sample3Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark
8、 night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand . A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire h
9、as been out.(3 3)在短文中间)在短文中间当主题句被安排在段中间时当主题句被安排在段中间时, , 通常前面只提出问题,通常前面只提出问题, 文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出文中导出, , 而后又作进一步的解释而后又作进一步的解释, , 支撑或发展支撑或发展. .returnPassage1InspiteofthefactthatcarsfromGermanyandJapanarefloodingtheAmericanmarket,Ford,GeneralMotorsandChryslerareemployingmor
10、eworkersthaneverbefore.Thefloodofcheaperfor-eigncarshasnotcastAmericanautoworkerstheirjobsassomeexpertspredicted.FordoperatesasfarasAsia,andGeneralMotorsisconsideredAustraliansbiggestemployer.YetGeneralMotorshasitshugeAmericanworkforceandemployshundredsofpeopleeverydaytomeettheneedsofaninsatiable(不能
11、满足的)不能满足的)society.练习题练习题细节题细节题解释Question: Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the paragraphA. GMisoneofthelargestcarproducers.B.FordoperatesnotonlyintheU.S.A.,butalsoinAsia.C.TheforeigncarshavenottakenawaythejobsofAmericanautoworkers.D.Thefloodofthecheaperforeigncarsist
12、erribleforAmericanautoworkers.文章文章解释【解析】答案为C C。take take sthsth. away . away of sb.of sb.和和 cast sb. cast sb. sthsth. . 的意思相似。的意思相似。 本段落以一、二句引出要表达的主题,在主题句出现后,再举例子陈述细节或继续论证。 寻找主题句往往是做好此类题的关键。每段的主题句(常在首句、尾句、首尾句、段落中归纳分析)一般都用来表示一个段落的主旨大意。文章 文章中心是文章中心是论点论点,事实细节是,事实细节是论论据据或或主要理由主要理由;有关细节的问题常对;有关细节的问题常对文中某
13、个词语、某句子、某段落等细文中某个词语、某句子、某段落等细节及事实进行提问,所提问题一般可节及事实进行提问,所提问题一般可直接直接或或间接间接在文章中找到答案在文章中找到答案。 提问的特殊疑问词常有:提问的特殊疑问词常有:what,who,which,where,how,why等。等。事事实实细细节节型型解题原则解题原则:忠实于原文上下文及忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系,决不能主观臆断全篇的逻辑关系,决不能主观臆断。1)Which of the following statements is true?2)Which of the following is not mentioned in
14、the text?3)The author ( or the passage) states that_.4)According to the passage, when ( where, why, how, who, what, which, etc.)_?在阅读理解中,要求查找主要事实和特在阅读理解中,要求查找主要事实和特定细节问题常有以下几种命题方式:定细节问题常有以下几种命题方式:Example1Onedayamanwalkedintoapetshopandsaidtotheshopassistant,“Ineedtwosmallmiceandaboutfivedozenroaches
15、(蟑螂蟑螂)andtwospiders.”“Whatdoyouneedthesethingsfor?”theshopassistantwasverysurprised.“Well,”repliedtheman,“ImmovingoutofmyapartmentandthelandlordinsiststhatIshouldleavethehouseinexactlythesameconditionasIfoundit.”Q: Thepassagesuggeststhatwhenthewritermovedintothehouse,itwas_.A.verycleanB.justcleanedb
16、ythelandlordC.tidyandcomfortableD.dirtyandfullofinsects解析:他要搬出所租的房子,而房东要求房屋必须是他租进来时的原解析:他要搬出所租的房子,而房东要求房屋必须是他租进来时的原样,所以他须买些老鼠和蟑螂等昆虫对房屋进行样,所以他须买些老鼠和蟑螂等昆虫对房屋进行“恢复恢复”,因此推出,因此推出答案为答案为D D。 Q1)_caloriesarerequiredtoraisethetemperatureof5kgofwaterfrom35to90.A.55B.175C.325D.275Q2)WhichstatementisTRUEaccordi
17、ngtothechartabove?A.Achildaged8requiresmorethan3timestheamountofcaloriesthatababydoes.B.Aboyaged16requiresnearlytwicetheamountofcaloriesthataboyaged8does.C.Anofficeworkerrequiresthesameamountofcaloriesperdayasawomanfeedingababydoes.D.Afarmerrequiresnearly1.5timestheamountofcaloriesthatanofficeworker
18、does.解释文章 Passage2 Passage2 The human body is a living machine, and The human body is a living machine, and like all machines, it needs fuel to supply it like all machines, it needs fuel to supply it with energy. That is the food we eat. But how with energy. That is the food we eat. But how much do
19、we need to stay healthy? The energy much do we need to stay healthy? The energy value of food is usually measured in calories. value of food is usually measured in calories. A calorie is the amount of heat required to A calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1kg of water
20、by 1. raise the temperature of 1kg of water by 1. The number of calories people need per day is The number of calories people need per day is different, as the chart shows different, as the chart shows CALORIES NEEDED PER DAYBaby 750Office worker 2,700Child aged 8 2,100 Woman feeding baby 2,700Man o
21、ver 70 2,100Boy aged 16 3,000Woman 3,600Farmer 2,600练习题解释第三节【解析】答案为 D D 。 根据文章细节内容,计算公式为: (90-35)51=275【解析】答案为 C C 。 根据文章图表,依次验证A、B、C、D 四个答案的内容是否正确。很易找出 C C 符合图表内容。文章文章 同义法同义法常在词或短语之间有并列连词常在词或短语之间有并列连词and或或or,它们连接的两项内容在含义上是接它们连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的,由此可以推测。近的或递进的,由此可以推测。 反义法反义法如如 hot and cold, give and
22、receive等,或前句为肯定,后句为否定。总之,等,或前句为肯定,后句为否定。总之,词与词间都起着互为线索的作用。词与词间都起着互为线索的作用。 释义法释义法 对文章中的生词用定语(从句)对文章中的生词用定语(从句)、表语甚至于用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出、表语甚至于用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明。并加以解释说明。词词义义猜猜测测型型 情景推断法、代词替代法情景推断法、代词替代法等等词义猜测题常见的命题方式有常见的命题方式有:1 1)TheTheunderlinedunderlinedwordword(phrasephrase)inthepassagemeans_inthepas
23、sagemeans_ 2 2)TheworditThewordit(themthem)inthefirstparagraphinthefirstparagraphreferstorefersto_ 3 3)TheunderlinedsentenceinthelastparagraphTheunderlinedsentenceinthelastparagraphmeans_means_ _4 4)WhichofthefollowingisWhichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtoclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedtheunderli
24、nedwordinthesecondparagraphwordinthesecondparagraph?1 1)文中找线索或信息词)文中找线索或信息词; ;2) 2) 根据熟悉的词及词义根据熟悉的词及词义判断新单词之意;判断新单词之意; 3 3)根据上下文判断新词)根据上下文判断新词汇在特定句中确切意思。汇在特定句中确切意思。4. 4. 特别注意熟词新意!特别注意熟词新意!做题要领做题要领Q:Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedword“illiterate”A.repeatB.reiteratedC.uneducatedD.
25、sickPassage3:MostwomeninGhanatheeducatedandilliterate,theurbanandrural,theyoungandoldworktoearnanincomeinadditiontomaintainingtheirrolesashousewivesandmothers.Theirreputationforeconomicindependence,self-reliance,andhardworkiswellknownandwelldeserved(应得的,值得的应得的,值得的).解 释第四节解 释 这段文字中讲到加纳这个国家中这段文字中讲到加纳这
26、个国家中 的大多数妇女,受过教育的的大多数妇女,受过教育的 (educatededucated)和没有受过教育的和没有受过教育的 (illiterateilliterate););住在城市的住在城市的 (urbanurban)和住在农村的(和住在农村的(ruralrural),),年轻的(年轻的(youngyoung)和年长的(和年长的(oldold)正正好是一对对反义词。好是一对对反义词。因此选因此选 C C 项。项。本题答案选本题答案选C C推理判断题:推理判断题:着重考查学生归着重考查学生归纳概括、逻辑推理等综合能力。纳概括、逻辑推理等综合能力。以原文内容以原文内容为前提,据作者的为前提
27、,据作者的观点理论观点理论(非自己观点)(非自己观点),客观地对文,客观地对文中未明显说明的现象或事例给予合中未明显说明的现象或事例给予合理的逻辑推断,做出一定解释理的逻辑推断,做出一定解释。推推理理判判断断型型透过现象看本质透过现象看本质,领悟作者思,领悟作者思想倾向、观点、立场、语气及态想倾向、观点、立场、语气及态度等。度等。推理判断题推理判断题(做题要领) 既要求我们透过文章表面既要求我们透过文章表面文字信息推测文章文字信息推测文章隐含意思隐含意思,又要求我们对作者的态度、又要求我们对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判断,力求从确的推理判断,力求从作者
28、作者的角度的角度去考虑,不要固守自去考虑,不要固守自己的看法或观点。己的看法或观点。推理判断型推理判断型常见的命题方式有:常见的命题方式有:1.Thepassageimplies(暗示暗示)that_.2.Wecanconclude(得出结论得出结论)fromthepassagethat_.3.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferred(推论推论)?4.Whatisthetone(语气语气)oftheauthor?5.Whatisthepurpose(目的目的)ofthispassage?6.Thepassageisintendedto_.7.Wherewouldthis
29、passagemostprobablyappear? Passage4Ateacherwhocontinuallydrawsattentiontorewardsorwhohandsouthighgradesforordinaryachievement(n.成绩成绩 )endsupwithuninspiredstudents.Eisenbergerholds(vi.认为认为).Asanexa-mpleofthelatter(adj. 近来的近来的 )point( n.观点观点 ),henotes( vi.特别指出特别指出 )growingeffortsatmajoruniversitiestot
30、ighten( v.使变得更紧使变得更紧 )gradingstandards(及格标准及格标准 )andrestore( vt.恢复使用恢复使用 ) failinggrades(不及格分数或标准不及格分数或标准 ).练习题解释总结总结Q: It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe_.A.rewardingpoorperformance( n.成绩成绩 )maykillthecreati
31、vityofstudents.B.B.punishmentismoreeffectivethanrewarding.C.failing(v. 给给不及格不及格 )uninspiredstudentshelpsimprovetheiroverall(adj.全面的全面的 ) academic(adj.学学校的校的 )standards.D.Discouraging( vt.使使失去信心失去信心 )thestudentsanticipation( n.预期之事物预期之事物 ) foreasyrewardsisamatterofurgency( n.紧急紧急 ).文章 解析解析: : 问题是文中问题
32、是文中 EisenbergerEisenberger 举的举的一个例子一个例子, ,通过例证题目的考点分析通过例证题目的考点分析, , 我们我们知道一般例子前后总结性的话知道一般例子前后总结性的话( (论点论点) )是解是解决问题的关键决问题的关键, ,这样我们就可以判断出该例这样我们就可以判断出该例要说明的问题要说明的问题(答案答案: :A A) ) The topic sentence:The topic sentence: Ateacherendsupwithuninspired(withoutcreativity)students. .译译: : 假设老师总让学生关注奖励假设老师总让学生关注奖励, ,或对表现或对表现一般的学生也给高分一般的学生也给高分, ,那么学生们最终都会那么学生们最终都会不求进取不求进取, ,没有灵感及想象力。没有灵感及想象力。文章Thank YouThank YouYour Advice is welcomeYour Advice is welcomeSuccesssahead!