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1、专升本英语-语法结构讲义汇总一、时态一、时态 1 1 一般现在时一般现在时_。1) If she doesnt tell him the truth now, hell simply keep on asking her until she _. A. does B. has done C. will do D. would do 2) Such crimes may be so complex that months or years go by before anyone _ them. A. discovered B. will discover C. would have discov
2、ered D. discovers注：_。 I decided to go to the library as soon as I _ what I was doing. A. have finished B. would finish C. finished D. had finished2 2 现在进行时现在进行时1） 与 always / constantly / continually / forever 等副词连用，表示_。 He is always changing his mind. 2） 表示_。 My friend is coming to visit me next wee
3、k.3 3 现在完成时现在完成时时间状语标记词：for 和 since 引导的短语；up to now, this week / year / month, s so o far,far, toto date,date, asas yetyet, just, lately, recently, already, yet, for the last few weeks 等。1） 与情态动词连用a.a.must + 现在完成时：_may / might + 现在完成时：_cant / couldnt + 现在完成时：_ 1) From the tears in Nedras eyes we can
4、 deduce that something sad _. A. must have occurred B. would have occurred C. might be occurring D. should occur2) My pain _ apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically: “Are you feeling all right?” A. must be B. had been C. must have been D. had to be3)
5、 Investigators agreed that passengers on the airliner _ at the very moment of the crash. A. should have died B. must be dying C. must have died D. ought to die 注: _eg. Comrade Li _ be in Beijing because I saw him in town only a few minutes ago. A. mustnt B. cant C. may not D. isnt able to b.b.should
6、 / ought to + 现在完成时：_shouldnt / oughtnt to + 现在完成时：_1) With all this work on hand, he _ to the cinema last night. A. mustnt have gone B. wouldnt have gone C. shouldnt have gone D. couldnt have gone 2) The careless man received a ticket for speeding. He _ have driven so fast. A. cant B. wouldnt C. sh
7、ouldnt D. mustntc.c. neednt + 现在完成时：_. 1) You _ all those calculations! We have a computer to do that sort of thing. A. neednt have done B. mustnt have done C. might not have done D. wouldnt have done2) As it turned out to be a small house party, we _ so formally. A. neednt dress up B. did not need
8、have dressed upC. did not need dress D. neednt have dressed up3) They hurried there only to find the meeting canceled. In fact, they _ at all. A. neednt have gone B. mustnt have gone C. might not have gone D. wouldnt have gone注：注：_：1. Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, _
9、 to find it locked. A. just B. only C. hence D. thus2. After twenty years abroad, William came back only _ (find) his hometown severely damaged in an earthquake. 2） 用于特殊句型a.It is (will be) thethe firstfirst time (that )I havehave beenbeen there.b.She is thethe brightestbrightest girl (that) I haveha
10、ve everever taughttaught.c.This is thethe onlyonly party (that) I havehave really enjoyedenjoyed in my life.注：以上 3 个句子如果主句用一般过去时，that 从句则相应地改为“过去完成时” 。4 4 ( (现在现在 / / 过去过去) ) 完成进行时完成进行时表示动作从过去过去某时开始，一直延续到现在现在/ /过去过去某时，可能还要继续下去。时间状语标志词：allall thethe morningmorning / / forfor hourshours / / sincesince
11、 thisthis morningmorning / / allall thethe timetime / / everever sincesince / / 1). He hashas been writing letters since this morning. 2). After searching for half an hour, she realizedrealized that her glasses hadhad been lying on the table all the time. 5 5 过去完成时过去完成时表示过去过去某一时刻或动作以前已经完成了已经完成了的动作，即
12、“过去的过去过去的过去” 。1）时间状语标志词： _； _； _。a) By the end of last year, I _ in this college for ten years. A. have worked B. have been worked C. had worked D. had been workingb) Before the first non-stop flight made in 1949, it _ necessary for all planes to land for refueling.A. would be B. has been C. had bee
13、n D. would have been 2） 用于以下句型：（表示“刚就” ） no sooner than hardly scarcely when / before barely a. Hardly had he finished his speech _ the audience start cheering. A. and B. when C. than D. as b. Scarcely had they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre _ the curtain went up.A. than B. when C.
14、 before D. as3） expect / hope / intend / mean / plan / suppose / think / want 等 _。a. I had planned to visit you, but I just couldnt find time.b. He had hoped to come and help, but he was sick.6 6 将来完成时（将来完成时（willwill / / shallshall + + 现在完成时）现在完成时）时间状语标志词：_a) Its reported that by the end of this mon
15、th the output of cement in the factory _by about 10 %.A. will have risen B. has risen C. will be rising D. has been risenb) Conference _ a full week by the time it ends.A. must have lasted B. will have lasted C. would last D. has lasted c) By the time he arrives in Beijing, we _ here for two days. A
16、. have been staying B. have stayed C. shall stay D. will have stayed7 7 一般将来时表示法：一般将来时表示法：a)He will speak at the meeting.b)I think it is going to rain.c)There is to be a test next week.d)School is about to start.e)Ill tell him as soon as he comes back.f)His brother is coming next week.g)We will be s
17、taying at Beijing Hotel.注：_。Sir Denis, who is 78, has made it known that much of his collection _ to the nation.A. are left B. are to be left C. is leaving D. is to be left二、语态二、语态英语中各类时态题、语气题、非谓语动词题等都要考虑语态，即到底用主动还是被动。 练习练习 (1) The bank is reported in the local newspaper _ in broad daylight yesterda
18、y. A. to be robbed B. robbed C. to have been robbed D. having been robbed(2) The local health organization is reported _ twenty-five years ago when Dr. Audon became its first president. A. to be set up B. being set up C. to have been set up D. having been set up(3) Ted has told me that he always esc
19、apes _ as he has got a very fast sports car. A. to fine B. to be fined C. being fined D. having been fined注意事项：注意事项：1感官动词（see, look, listen to, hear, taste, ）和使役动词（make, get, have）在主动语态中，_。 a. My sisters professor had her _ her paper many times before allowing her to present it to the committee. A.
20、rewritten B. to rewrite C. rewrite D. rewriting b. I have heard both teachers and students _ well of him. A. to speak B. spoken C. to have spoken D. speak2在 want, need, desire, require 等动词后接动名词动名词表示被动，即：_。 Your hair wants _. Youd better have it done tomorrow. A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. being cut
21、三、虚拟语气三、虚拟语气1 1 三大公式：三大公式：与现在事实相反：Ifwere / did , 主句 would / should / could / might + do与过去事实相反：Ifhad done , 主句 would / should / could / might + have done should do与将来事实相反：If were to do , 主句 should / would / could / might + do dideg.a. If the earth suddenly _ spinning, we would all fly off it. A. sto
22、pped B. had stopped C. stops D. has stoppedb. Things might have been much worse if the mother _ on her right to keep the baby. A. has been insisting B had insistedC. would insist D. insisted 2 2 具体考点、用法：具体考点、用法：1） _。a) _ right now, she would get there on Sunday. A. Would she leave B. If she leaves C
23、. Were she to leave D. If she had leftb) Had he worked harder, he _ the exams. A. must have got through B. would have got throughC. would get through D. could get through 2） _。a) Had she listened to the lecture carefully last night, she wouldnt _ in the examination now. A. fail B. have failed C. hav
24、e been failing D. have been failed b) If I hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you _ now. A. wouldnt be smiling B. couldnt have smiled C. wont smile D. didnt smile c) If I _ harder at school, I would be sitting in a comfortable office now. A. worked B. were to work C. had worked
25、 D. were working 与现在或将来事实相反：_3） wish (that) /would rather (that) 与过去事实相反：_ a) Id rather you _ make any comment on the issue for the time being. A. dont B. wouldnt C. didnt D. shouldnt b) Frankly speaking, Id rather you _ anything about it for the time being. A. didnt do B. havent done C. dont do D.
26、have donec) Jack wishes that he _ business instead of history when he was university. A. had studied B. study C. studied D. had been studying 与现在或将来事实相反：_4） as if / as though 从句 与过去事实相反：_a) She looks as if she knewknew all about it.b) That tree looked as if it _ for a long time. A. werent watered B.
27、 didnt water C. hasnt been watered D. hadnt been watered5）If only 从句：_a) If only the committee _ the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible.A. approve B. will approve C. can approve D. would approve b) Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I _ your advice. A. followed B.
28、follow C. have followed D. had followed 注意：Only if （只要/只有）： 引导真实条件句，only 用来强调 if 从句。例如：Shell go only if I go 除非我去她才去. 与现在或将来事实相反：_6） but for (= without): “若没有”与过去事实相反：_a) But for your help, we could not have finished the work in time. b) Without the money, I would not be alive. 与现在或将来事实相反：_7）otherwi
29、se (不然的话，否则) 与过去事实相反：_ a) He said that the driver must have had an accident; otherwise he _ by then A. would have arrived B. must have arrived C. should arrived D. would 注意：would rather = would just as soon = would sooner . 后接动词原形。如： I would just as soon staystay at home. 我宁愿呆在家里。但如果后面接的是从句从句，则一定是用虚
30、拟语气虚拟语气。arrive b) Mary _ my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now. A. has received B. ought to have receivedC. couldnt have received D. shouldnt have received c) We didnt know his telephone number; otherwise we _ him. A. would have telephoned B. must have telephoned C. would telephone
31、D. had telephoned8） 下列动词（其后接 thatthat从句从句）表示“提议、建议提议、建议”：suggest, propose, recommend, move (动议), advise, 表示“主张主张”：insist, maintain, hold, urge, 表示“要求要求”：ask, request, require, demand, desire, 表示“命令命令”：order, command, direct, (注：_。) a. It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios _ af
32、ter 11 oclock at night. A. were not played B. not to play C. not be played D. did not play b. As Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, I have directed that all measures _ for our defense. A. had been taken B. would be taken C. be taken D. to be taken c. The article suggests that when a person _ un
33、der unusual stress he should be especially careful to have a well-balanced diet. A. is B. were C. be D. was9）_。 a. Jean Wagners most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it _ in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference. A. is to be analyzed B.
34、has been analyzed C. be analyzed D. should have been analyzed b. We are all for your proposal that the discussion _. A. be put off B. was put off C. should put off D. is to put off10) _： necessary（必须的） essential （重要的） vital（重要的） important （重要的） It is + imperative （必须的） + thatthat + 主语 + _ urgent（紧要的
35、） advisable（应该的） proper（适当的） obligatory（必须的） eg.a) It is important that enough money _ to fund the project. A. be collected B. must be collected C. is collected D. can be collectedb) I dont think it advisable that Tom _ to the job since he has no experience. A. is assigned B. will be assigned C. be
36、assigned D. has been assignedc) The board deemed it urgent that these files _ right away. A. had to be printed B. should have been printed C. must be printed D. should be printed11) It is (high / about) time (that) . “该是做的时间了” 。a) Its already 5 oclock now. Dont you think its about time _? A. we are
37、going home B. we go home C. we went home D. we can go home b) “You are very selfish. Its high time you _ that you are not the most important person in the world,” Edgar said to his boss angrily. A. realized B. have realized C. realize D. should realize12) 在以 lest 引导的从句中，_：a) The mad man was put in t
38、he soft-padded cell lest he _ himself. A. injure B. had injured C. injured D. would injureb) While crossing the mountain area, all the men carried guns lest they _ by wild animals. A. should be attacked B. had been attacked C. must be attacked D. would be attacked四、情态动词四、情态动词1 情态动词+现在完成时（参见 p.2“现在完成
39、时” ）2 情态动词的固定搭配及其他1） cannot +实义动词或系动词 be + tootoo (enough/sufficiently/perfectly/over/too much): _eg. a. You cannot be _ careful when you drive a car. a. very b. so c. too d. enough b. We cannot be too careful of health. c. We cannot thank him too much. 3) might asas well asas do “_” eg. You might a
40、s well throw your money into the sea as lend it to him. 比较比较： may might (just) as well do “最好是做”could eg. We may as well gogo home.4) not so much as “_” eg. He is not so much a teacher as a scholar. 比较比较：more than eg. He is more mad than stupid. 区别区别：so as to do “如此，以致于”eg. The vocabulary and gramma
41、tical differences between British and American English are so trivial and few as hardly _ . a. noticed b. to be noticed c. being noticed d. to notice It wasnt so much that I disliked her _ that I just wasnt interested in the whole business. a. rather b. so c. than d. as5) I cannot (help) butbut laug
42、h. = I cannot help laughing. _ can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by science fiction. A. Everybody B. Anybody C. Somebody D. Nobody五、非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）重点五、非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）重点1 1不定式不定式1) The project _ by the end of 2000, will expand the citys telephone network to cover 1,00
43、0,000 users. A. accomplished B. being accomplished C. to be accomplished D. having been accomplished2) Id rather read than watch television; the programs seem _ all the time. A. to get worse B. to be getting worseC. to have got worse D. getting worse3) _ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to
44、 have at least a Masters degree. A. To become B. Become C. One becomes O. On becoming4) A Dream of the Red Chamber is said _ into dozens of languages in the last decade. A. to have been translated B. to translate C. to be translated D. to have translated 2 2分词分词 1) While _ the sun, the satellite has
45、 sent more than four billion bits of information back to earth. A. having orbited B. being orbited C. having been orbited D. orbiting2) No matter how frequently _, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences.A. performing B. performed C. to be performed D. being performed3) _ with the size
46、 of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all. A. When compared B. Compare C. While comparing D. Comparing4) All flights _ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train. A. had been canceled B. have been canceled C. were canceled D. having been c
47、anceled3 3动名词动名词1) _ in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for. A. The girl was educated B. The girl educated C. The girls being educated D. The girl to be educated2) Mark often attempts to escape _ whenever he breaks traffic regulations.A. having been fined B. to have been f
48、inedC. to be fined D. being fined3) Its no use _ me not to worry. A. you tell B. your telling C. for you to have told D. having told4 4有些动词后面既可以跟有些动词后面既可以跟“动词动词+ing”+ing” ，也可以跟不定式，但意义不同：，也可以跟不定式，但意义不同：1)remember doing 记得做过某事remember to do 记得去做某事2)forget doing 忘记做过某事forget to do 忘记去做某事3) stop doing 停
49、止正在做的事stop to do 停下来去做另一件事4) go on doing 继续做同一件事go on to do 接着做另一件事5) try doing 试一试某种办法try to do 努力、设法去做6) regret having done 对已经做过的事感到遗憾、后悔 regret to do 对即将要做的事感到抱歉7) mean doing 意味着mean to do 有意要， 打算 Theres a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means _ trouble. A. making B
50、. to make C. to have made D. having made like love to do : 表示具体或临时的行为5 hate + prefer doing : 表示抽象或一贯的行为 注：_。 eg. I should like to see you tomorrow.6 6惯用语归纳：惯用语归纳：cannot help doing = cannot (help) butbut do There is no doing = It is impossible to do It is no use doing = It is ofof no use to do 类似用法：
51、It is no good / fun / a waste of time / a great pleasure / a bore doing be worth doing = be worthyworthy ofof doing What a lovely party! Its worth _ all my life. A. remembering B. to remember C. to be remembered D. being rememberedbe busy doing = be busy with sth. feel like doing = wish for doing Wh
52、at / How about doing ? What do you say toto doing ? It is useless / nice / good / interesting / expensive doing . 8 8分词作状语：分词作状语：1） 时间状语： eg. Climbing to the top of the tower, we saw a magnificent view. When seen through a telescope, the sun appears darker near the edge. 2） 原因状语： eg. Being sick, he
53、stayed at home.Born and bred in the countryside, he was bewildered by the big city.3） 条件状语： eg. Adopting this method, we will raise the average yield by 40 percent. Turning to the right, you will find a path leading to his cottage. 4） 让步状语： eg. Badly involved in the accident, the car is still runnin
54、g. Considered as a building material, wood is not very strong. 5） 方式、伴随状语： eg. He came back, utterly exhausted. She stood there, listening to the broadcast. 注：目的状语一般用不定式。 eg. To save the earth, we must prevent her from being polluted. He went to Shanghai to visit his parents.9 9分词作状语时前面可以带上连词：分词作状语时
55、前面可以带上连词： eg. While walking along the street early in the morning, hehe saw her. Once completed, thisthis powerpower stationstation supplies the nearby towns with electricity. 1010疑问词疑问词+ +不定式：不定式：疑问词 who, what, which, when, where, how 后面加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。 eg. When to start has not been decided. I d
56、ont know what to do.1111有些名词后面常跟不定式作定语有些名词后面常跟不定式作定语，这类名词有：time, reason, chance, right, ability, tendency, attempt, resolution, desire, willingness, need, anxiety, wish, plan 等。 eg. Women should have the rightright to receive education. There is no timetime to hesitate.1212thethe firstfirst / / thet
57、he secondsecond / / thethe lastlast / / thethe bestbest 等之后用不定式作定语等之后用不定式作定语： eg. The president will be thethe firstfirst to come. Long skirts were thethe onlyonly thingthing to wear in those days.1313在在 dodo nothingnothing / / anythinganything / / everythingeverything butbut (except(except ) )句型中，_
58、。 eg. Last night I diddid nothing but watch TV. The doctor toldtold him nothing but to stop smoking.That was so serious a matter that I hadhad no choice but _ the police. a. called in b. calling in c. call in d. to call in Lots of empty bottles were found under the old mans bed. He must have done no
59、thing but _ (drink). 1414有关动名词的句型有关动名词的句型： spend (in) doing.比较：spend on + 名词。 have 作实义动词，即表示“有” ，其后接_： difficulty trouble a problem have + a hard time + (in) + doing a difficult time a good time fun 区别：have time to do sth. （有时间做） eg. 1) I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had tim
60、e _ the last bus. A. to have caught B. to catch C. catching D. having caught 2) Sometimes, very young children have trouble _ fact from fiction and may believe that such things actually exist. A. for separating B. to separate C. having separated D. separating have _15 get + 宾语 + make _ eg. a The dyi
61、ng soldier hadhad the message sent straight to the commander. b. The manager promised to keepkeep me informed of how our business was going on. c. Dont getget your schedule changed; stay with us in this class. 六、形容词和副词重点六、形容词和副词重点1 比较级、最高级： _.eg. Jane is the tallest girl inin the department of publi
62、c relations Iron is the most useful ofof all metals. 注意：_ OfOf all the students, Beth works hardest. OfOf all the fruits of the year, oranges are the most popular.2 “倍数”表示法：_.1) Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills _ people each year than automobile accidents. A. seven more times B
63、. seven times more C. over seven times D. seven times2) Americans are eating _ vegetables per person today as they did in 1910. A. more than twice B. what are twice as manyC. twice as many are D. more than twice as many3_superior（优于） inferior（劣于） junior（年轻于） senior（年长于） prior（比早，先于） anterior（较早的，比靠前
64、的） posterior（晚于，比后） eg. He is superior toto me in mathematics. My knowledge is inferior toto his.4_。He is taller than I byby three inches.This book is similar to that one inin style. This movie differs from that one inin theme. 5一些表示两者之间有所比较比较和选择选择的句型： a) BetterBetter to do well thanthan to say well
65、. b) I wouldwould ratherrather join you in research work thanthan go on holiday to the seaside. c) He wouldwould soonersooner resign thanthan take part in such dishonest business deals.d) I preferprefer toto work ratherrather thanthan sit idle. I preferprefer bananas toto apples.I preferprefer walki
66、ng / to walk. Nowadays people usually prefer driving to _ (drive). 6far, by far, much, still, even, a lot, a great deal, a little, a bit, slightly _。 a) You sang well last night. We hope youll sing _. A. more better B. still better C. nicely D. best b) He knows little of mathematics, and _ of chemis
67、try. A. even more B. still less C. no less D. still more 7glad, sorry, unable, ill, alike, alone, asleep, alive, ashamed, awake, afraid_。 The fish is alive / living. (cf. a live fish / a living fish)8 副词的位置：1)_：The birds sang merrily in the woods.The chieftain spoke fiercely.2)_：a) The children nois
68、ilynoisily entered the room. (= The children entered the room noisilynoisily.)b) The teacher pronounced slowlyslowly the words that the students asked for.3)表示“频率”的副词_：He almost fell downstairs.I sometimes go to the library. (= Sometimes I go to the library.)She is always changing her mind.4) _ Her
69、voice is extremelyextremely sweet. I am muchmuch pleased at the news. He is honest enoughenough to keep his promise.七、主谓一致重点：七、主谓一致重点：1 主语是相当于_：Teaching languages isis an interesting job.That the earth is round hashas been proved true.When they go to the factory to have practice hashas not been told
70、 them so far.How close parents are to their children _ a strong influence in the character of the children. A. have B. has C. having D. to have2 事件、国家、机构名称、书刊及其他作品名称作主语，谓语用单数：The United States waswas formed in 1776.The New York Times still hashas a wide circulation.3 表示时间、距离、重量、度量、价值等的复数形式主语，谓语动词习惯上
71、用单数：Two weeks waswas too long.Ten dollars isis a small sum.4 表示科学和某些疾病名称的复数名称作主语，谓语用单数：Economics studiesstudies the ways which determine the economic phenomena.Measles（麻疹）isis a disease to take seriously.5 Chinese, English, French, Japanese 等指语言时，谓语用单数；指人民时，用复数：Chinese isis a difficult language.The
72、Chinese areare kind and friendly.6_： The young areare full of vigor. The injured werewere taken to hospital.7_： He and I areare great friends. 但下列情况_：a. and 所连接的主语表示“_”时：A writer and educator hashas visited our school.law and order 法治 horse and cart 马车bread and milk 牛奶面包 bread and butter 奶油面包trial a
73、nd error 试错法 time and tide 岁月fish and chips 炸鱼土豆片 knife and fork 刀叉 eg. 1) If law and order _ (be) not preserved, neither the citizen nor his property is safe. 2) The iron and steel industry _ an important part in our national economy. A. plays B. played C. play D. playing 3) The owner and editor of
74、 the newspaper _ the conference. A. were attending B. were to attend C. is to attend D. are to attend 注：如果两个由 and 连接的名词前都有冠词，或者两个名词单复数不一致，则谓语用复数：A writer and an educator havehave visited our school.A writer and educators havehave visited our school.b. 由 and 连接的主语前有_ 等形容词时：Every boy and (every) girl
75、isis eager to learn English.No teacher and (no) student waswas present.8主语用 or 或 nor 连接时，谓语与“_”的主语保持一致： Either he or I amam in the wrong. Neither he nor you areare in the wrong. AreAre you or he to blame?9下列情况，谓语动词跟_一致： notnot A butbut B notnot onlyonly A butbut alsoalso B Not only he but also you a
76、reare in the wrong. Not you but I amam to blame.10下列情况，谓语动词跟_一致： A with BA, together with B,A, along with B,A, accompanied by B,A, including B, 谓语动词与_一致A, no less than B, A as well as B A except / but BA besides BThe bat together with the balls waswas stolen.You as well as he areare wrong.Nobody but
77、 you hashas made a mistake.（除了你以外没人犯错误。 ）11下列场合，视实际情况而定：Some of Most of Half of 单数可数名词或不可数名词 谓语动词用_Part of + Plenty of 复数名词 谓语动词用_The rest of A lot of One third ofMost of my friends areare diligent.Most of my time isis spent in reading.12 many a +单数可数名词 谓语动词用单数单数 many + 复数可数名词 谓语动词用复数复数 ManyMany a a
78、 student isis here. = ManyMany students areare here.13某些不定代词，如：anybody, somebody, anyone, someone, everybody, nobody, anything, something, nothing, everything, no one. 作主语时，谓语用单数： Everything around us isis matter. Somebody isis using the telephone.14集合名词作主语时，取决于其意义： 表示“整体”时 谓语动词用单数单数表示其中的“个体成员”时 谓语动
79、词用复数复数The family isis the basic unit of our society.The family werewere watching TV then.army, audience, band, board, crowd, cattle, class, club, committee,crew, family, firm, gang, government, party, police, staff, team, 15More than + 单数可数名词 谓语动词用单数单数More than + 复数名词 谓语动词用复数复数More than one person i
80、sis involved in this case.More than three hundred people areare working in this company.16定语从句中的主谓一致：1） 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语与先行词保持一致：The person whowho getsgets there first is served first.This is one of the rooms thatthat werewere damaged in the fire.2） “one of + 复数名词”后的定语从句中谓语用_：Jane is one of tho
81、se persons who always _ (think) they are right.That is one of those remarks that _ (be) intended to start arguments.但是，当 one 前面有 thethe onlyonly 等修饰时，定语从句中谓语用_：She is thethe onlyonly one of those girls who _ (be) willing to take a make-up exam.八、介词八、介词1. Its _ my power to make final decision on the
82、matter. A. off B. outside C. above D. beyond2. _ my return, I learned that Professor Smith had been at the Museum and would not be back for several hours. A. At B. On C. With D. During3. _ all our kindness to help her, Sarah refused to listen to us. A. At B. For C. In D. On 4. Modern man faces dange
83、rs completely unknown _ his predecessors. A. for B. to C. of D. by 5. I dont want to lend any more money to him; hes already in debt _ me.A. to B. for C. of D. with 6. Before the students set off, they spent much time setting a limit _ the expenses of the trip. A. to B. about C. in D. for注意：注意：表示“防止
84、、禁止”等语意的动词: protect（保护） prevent（防止） stop（阻止） prohibit（禁止） inhibit（禁止） ban（禁止） + 宾语 + _ bar（禁止） restrain（限制） refrain（抑制） dissuade（劝阻） discourage（使气馁） 属于这类语意的动词群中，唯一例外的是：forbidforbid（禁止）（禁止），其用法如下： forbid sb. toto do sth. forbid, forbade / forbad, forbidden 另外：persuadpersuade sb. toto dodo sth. 说服某人去做
85、 encourageencourage sb. toto dodo sth. 鼓励某人去做 九、代词九、代词1 由 and 连接的两个先行词，代词用复数：The tourist andand businessmen lost theirtheir luggage in the accident.2 由 eitheror; neithernor; not only but also; or 连接的先行词，如果两个先行词在数和性上是一致的，就用其相应一致的人称代词；如果两个先行词在数或性上不一致，人称代词与邻近的先行词在数和性上保持一致：Neither Mary nor Alice has her
86、her key with herher.Neither the package nor the letters have reached theirtheir destination.3 当 each, everyone, everybody, no one, none, nobody, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody 作主语或主语的限定词时，其相应的代词用单数形式：Everybody talked at the top of hishis voice.None of the boys can do it, can hehe?Nobody wants to
87、 go there, does hehe?4 Everything, anything, something, nothing 之类的不定代词作主语，句中相应的代词用单数形式，即“it”：Everything is ready, isnt itit?Something strange happened, didnt itit?5 常用的反身代词短语：1) besidebeside oneselfoneself John is beside himself with anger.2) (all)(all) byby oneselfoneself Are you all by yourself?
88、(= alone)Did you do your homework by yourself? (= without help)3) forfor oneselfoneself He is old enough to do it for himself. (= without help)Youd better go and see for yourself. (= in person)6 Both , either, neither 与 all, any, none (no)的用法： 全部任何一个全不两者BothEitherNeither三者以上AllAnyNone / no _ of the
89、two books holds the opinion that the danger of nuclear war is increasing. A. None B. Either C. Both D. Neither The medicine is on sale everywhere. You can get it at _ chemists. A. each B. some C. certain D. any 7 The other, the others, another 的用法： one the other one the others one another1)固定的两个中，任取
90、其一为 one，所余者为 the other。Though Art Tatum was totally blind in one eye and had only slight vision in A B another, he became an internationally renowned jazz musician. C D 2)三个以上时，任取其一为 one，所余者为 the others (= the rest)。OneOne of them was a boy; thethe othersothers were girls.3)三个以上时，任取其一为 one，再任取其一为 an
91、other，表示“又一” 。Wont you have anotheranother cup of tea?注意注意：another 只能接_，other 则可以接_。 再如： another sources () 将 another 改为 otherotheranother information () 将 another 改为 otherother4)表示“互相” ，两者间用 each other，三者以上之间用 one another：The two brothers quarrel with each other. (= between them)The three brothers
92、quarrel with one another. (= among them)十、十、 “倒装倒装”重点：重点： 1_：Hardly Not untilScarcely No sooner (than)Barely Not only (but also)Rarely In no wayNever (again) On no accountSeldom Under no circumstancesLittle / Few Nor (= And neither) 1) We have been told that under no circumstances _ the telephone in
93、 the office for personal affairs. A. may we use B. we may sue C. we could use D. did we use2) I could not persuade him to accept it, _ make him see the importance of it. A. if only I could not B. no more than I couldC. or I could not D. nor could I 2_： 1) Only when you have obtained sufficient data
94、_ come to a sound conclusion. A. can you B. would you C. you will D. you can 2) Only when you have acquired a good knowledge of grammar _ write correctly. A. you will B. you can C. cant you D. can you 3) Only by shouting at the top of his voice _. A. was he able to make himself hear B. he was able t
95、o make himself hearC. he was able to make himself heard D. was he able to make himself heard3_：1) SoSo embarrassed did she feel thatthat she could not say a word.2) SoSo involved with their computer _ thatthat leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.A.
96、 the children become B. become the childrenC. the children do become D. do the children become 注：另一种 so 的倒装法是：表示“也”的 so 出现在句首，后面的主谓倒装： He can speak French, so can I. 4_： Western Nebraska generally receives less snow than _ Eastern Nebraska.A. does B. in C. it does in D. in it does5_：_ At the far end
97、 of the kaleidoscope _, one made of clear glass and the other of ground glass.A. two plates are B. two plates are thereC. are two plates there D. are two plates 6_：_, he dose get irritated with her sometimes. A. As he likes her much B. Much though he likes her C. Though much he likes her D. Much as
98、he likes her 7_1) _ right now, she would get there on Sunday. A. Would she leave B. If she leaves B. Were she to leave D. If she had left2) Choose the best answer:Kitcher is a philosopher and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments. The non-specialist will be ab
99、le to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory. The final chapter on the creationists will be extremely clear to all. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says, This book stands for reason itself. And so it doesand all would be we
100、ll were reason the only judge in the creationism / evolution debate. FromFrom thethe paragraphparagraph wewe cancan inferinfer thatthat _._. A reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate B creationists do not base their argument on reasoning C evolutionary theory is too difficult for non-spec
101、ialists D creationism is supported by scientific findings8其他语序的倒装（此类句子在阅读和翻译时要注意）：1)In 1971, the former Soviet Union sent into orbit the first experimental manned space station. 2)Two brilliant ideas made possible the mass production of automobiles.3)As an illustration of this procedure we can consi
102、der the discovery of air-pressure.十一、强调句型十一、强调句型: : ItIt isis / / waswas thatthat (who)(who) 1) It is the uses to which television is put _ determine its value to society. A. they B. those C. that D. who2) When I try to understand _ that prevent so many Americans from being as happy as one might exp
103、ect, it seems to me that there are two causes. A. why it does B. what it does C. what it is D. why it is3) _ she first heard of the man referred to as a specialist. A. That was from Stephen B. It was Stephen whom C. It was from Stephen that D. It was Stephen that 4) _ that the trade between the two
104、countries reached its highest point. A. During the 1960s B. It was in the 1960s C. That it was in the 1960s D. It was the 1960s十二、连接手段十二、连接手段1 在下列情形中，_.1) _： eg. He is the greatest man thatthat I have ever met. He is the first / the last person thatthat left the room.2) _： eg. He is the only man tha
105、tthat can do it. This is the very thing thatthat I want. This is the same watch thatthat I have lost. No man thatthat knows him will believe it.3) _： eg. The train ran over a boy and his dog thatthat were just crossing the railway.2 下列情形中，_：1)_： eg. This is the house in whichwhich he lives.2)_：a) He
106、 had two houses, whichwhich are built of bricks.注意：in that = because now that = since 1. _ we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work A. For now B. Since C. Now that D. By now2. Advertising is distinguished from other forms of communication _ the advertiser pays for the mes
107、sage to be delivered. A. in that B. in which C. in order that D. in the way3. _ we have all the materials ready, we should begin the new task at once. A. Since that B. Since now C. By now D. Now that4. Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe _ it provides the building blocks from which t
108、he other elements are produced. A. so that B. but that C. in that D. provided that3_： 1) Evidence came up _ specific sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old. A. what B. which C. that D. whose 2) The mere fact _ most people believe nuclear war would be madness does not mean that it w
109、ill not occur. A. what B. which C. that D. why4关系代词 what 的用法：1)what 兼具_。 a) They lost their way in the forest, and _ made matters worse was that night began to fall. A. that B. it C. what D. which b) I am interested in _ you have told me. A. which B. all that C. all what D. that c) I am sure that _
110、you said is wrong. A. which B. all C. this D. what d) These people once had fame and fortune; now _ is left to them is utter poverty. A. all that B. all what C. all which D. that all 5准关系代词 as 的用法：_：eg. I will buy the same watch asas you have. He spoke in such easy English asas everybody could understand.注：_ a) _ is generally accepted, economic growth is determined by the smooth development of production. A. What B. That C. It D. Asb) The size of the audience, _ we had expected, was well over one thousand. A. whom B. who C. as D. that
