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1、英语语音基础教师姓名:李服保Email:暂无办公室:学生宿舍5舍2-215办公电话:6355338小灵通:8733259答疑时间:星期三 13:30-15:301西南财经大学天府学院1st week第一单元 语音导论n语音的重要性语音的重要性:语音是语言三要素(语音、词汇、语法)中的核心,是最根本、最首要的。没有语音就没有语言、词汇和语法也无从体现。常言道:皮之不存毛将焉附?所以,学好英语语音对于学好英语是十分重要的,切不可等闲视之。n语音的基本内容语音的基本内容:英语语音包括音素(音标)、读音规则、音节、单词重音、语句重音、连读、失去爆破、意群、气群、停顿、同化、弱化、元音的长短、语调等基础
2、内容。l音素音素是语音的最小单位,不可再分。英语中共有48个音素(现用课本归纳为44个音素)。这48个音素又分为元音(20个)和辅音(28个)两大类。 元音元音发音时声带振动,气流从肺部呼出后在通路上不受任何阻碍而发出的响亮的音素。2西南财经大学天府学院 辅音辅音不论声带振动与否,发音时气流从肺部呼出后在通路上要受到种种阻碍而发出的音素;发音时声带不振动的辅音叫“清辅音”,声带要振动的叫“浊辅音”。l音标:音标:用以记录音素的一套符号叫音标。英语的48个单标中有38个采用英语字母的小写形式标记,另外10个采用与26个字母不相同的符号标记,为避免与用字母拼写成的单词相混淆,用以记录音素的音标一律
3、放在 或/ /内。如red red 或/red/。3西南财经大学天府学院2nd week第一单元 语音导论(续)n48个音素分类一览表个音素分类一览表4西南财经大学天府学院第二单元 元音 Vowels I.前元音前元音:Front Vowels i: e 四个前元音的共通特点是: 舌尖抵下齿,舌前部向硬颚抬起,但不同的前元音舌前部抬起的高度不同.上下齿之间的距离不同.5西南财经大学天府学院第二单元 元音 VowelsnII. 后元音后元音: Back Vowelsn: : u: 五个后元音的共通特点是: 舌尖离开下齿,舌身后缩.舌后部向软颚抬起,但不同的后元音,舌后部抬起的高度不同,口形的大小
4、也不同.6西南财经大学天府学院第二单元 元音nIII. 中元音中元音:Central Vowels : 三个中元音的共通特点是: 舌尖靠下齿,舌中部向硬颚抬起,但不同的中元音舌中部抬起的高度不同,上下齿之间的距离也不同.7西南财经大学天府学院第三单元 辅音 Consonantsn爆破音爆破音(Plosive/Stops) p b t d k g p b为双唇爆破音;t d 为舌端齿龈爆破音;k g为舌后软颚爆破音;8西南财经大学天府学院第三单元 辅音 Consonantsn摩擦音摩擦音(Fricatives) f v s z f v为唇齿摩擦音; 为舌端齿背摩擦音; s z为舌尖齿背摩擦音;
5、为舌端硬颚摩擦音;9西南财经大学天府学院第三单元 辅音 Consonantsn破擦音破擦音(Affricates) tr dr 这三对辅音发音时采取先爆破后摩擦的方式,故称为破擦音,即爆破加摩擦.10西南财经大学天府学院第三单元 辅音 Consonantsn声门音声门音(Glottal Fricative) h 该辅音音素与汉语拼音方案中的 h 大不相同.英语的h是在声门处产生轻微的摩擦而汉语的 h 是在咽喉处产生较强的摩擦.11西南财经大学天府学院第三单元 辅音 Consonantsn鼻辅音鼻辅音(Nasals) m n m为双唇鼻辅音;n为舌端齿龈(硬颚)鼻辅音;为舌后软颚鼻辅音;12西南
6、财经大学天府学院第三单元 辅音 Consonantsn舌端硬颚摩擦音舌端硬颚摩擦音 r 舌边音(Lateral) l ( ) l 出现在元音音素之前, 如:lv 出现在: 元音音素之后, 如:tel 辅音音素之后,如: plpl 元音音素之后,辅音音素之前;beltbelt13西南财经大学天府学院第三单元 辅音 Consonantsn半元音半元音 (Semi-vowels) j w 实际上j就是在i:的基础上,将上下齿几乎合拢而形成的音素;w就是在u:的基础上将嘴唇收得更小更圆而形成的音素. 14西南财经大学天府学院第四单元 读音规则、音节等nI.读音规则读音规则:由于英语本身历史发展的原因,
7、英语单词的拼写形式与读音之间构成了十分复杂的关系-往往是同一字母(或字母组合)可有多种读音。如:字母“a”可读ei(如cake)、(如cat)、如(China)、e(如many)、i (如palace)等,而同一个音素又可由多个不同的字母或字母组合来表示,如e这个音素可由下列字母或字母组合来表示:bed,head,leisure,many。这种关系虽然复杂,但仍有规律可循。总结字母(组合)在什么情况下读什么音的一整套规律称为“读音规则”。不过大部份“规则”都有不少例外的情况,这就要求我们学习时须十分留心,必要时还须查词典,确定其正确读音。以后,将给大家介绍最主要的读音规则。15西南财经大学天府
8、学院第四单元 读音规则、音节等nII.什么是音节什么是音节:音节是比音素大一些的语音单位,它不像音素那样“小”得不可再分,而是(一般来说)可以再分解成两个或两个以上的最小语音单位(即音素),如:catkt,中就可以分为:kt三个音素。一般来说,一个音节中应有一个元音音素。如上面kt中的.因而一般说来,一个单词中含有几个元音音素就应有几个音节如:Englishgl中有两个,因而有两个音节;computer kmpju:t中含有u:三个元音就应有3个音节。16西南财经大学天府学院第四单元 读音规则、音节等nIII.成节音成节音:上面说了:一般地讲,一个单词中有几个元音音素就应有几个音节。但英语中有
9、4个辅音发音时比较响亮,可以在无元音音素的情况下和它前面的辅音构成自成音节,这4个辅音叫成节音,即l、m、n和。17西南财经大学天府学院第四单元 读音规则、音节等n举例如下:n1.l : middle, riddle, little, sickle, table, apple, example;n2. m: socialism, bottom, rhythm, chasm(地球上的深渊), prism(棱柱)n3.n: 当成节音时,构成的词很多,n前面本来有中元音,但长期以来已形成固定模式,将省略,而构成自成音节。如:cotton, button, sudden, garden, heaven
10、, softenn4. 作为成节音只用于经过“同化”的一些词。n如:reckon rekn rek, nI can go a k()n a k 18西南财经大学天府学院第四单元 读音规则、音节等nIV.音节的类型音节的类型-开音节开音节,闭音节、闭音节、-r(-re)音节和字母组合音节和字母组合音节。音节。n1.开音节又分两种情况-“绝对开音节绝对开音节”和“相对开音节相对开音节”.n 1)绝对开音节绝对开音节:以要读音的元音字母或后跟一个不发音的“e”结尾的音节,如:he, she, me, shy, no, go, able, table, university, blue, lie, t
11、ie, die等。n n 2)相对开音节相对开音节:发音的元音字母后跟一个(或多个)发音的辅音字母+不发音的元音字母“e”构成的音节。n如:lake, cake, take, haste, strange, time, waste, mute, paste19西南财经大学天府学院第四单元 读音规则、音节等n2.以元音字母+r或re结尾的音节叫-r/-re音节音节。 如:far, her, stir, for, fur; hare, here, hire 3.一个元音字母后跟一个或多个辅音字母构成的音节叫“闭闭音节音节”。(元音字母前可能有也可能没有辅音字母) 如:at, edit, it, o
12、dd, up bad, desks, with, mop, mutton 4.以两个或两个以上发音的元音字母与辅音字母组合起来的音节,叫字母组合音节字母组合音节。 如:head, great, receive, believe , boy, trouble, could, please, meal, greet, boil20西南财经大学天府学院第四单元 读音规则、音节等nV.音节的划分:音节的划分:主要根据读音来划分音节n1.双音节词前面读长元音或双元音并重读时,中间的辅音字母归后一个音节。如: la-bour, du-ty, Chi-na, ti-dyn2.后面重读时(无论长短,双元音),
13、辅音字母(或代表一个音素的字母组合)属后一个音节,如:be-lieve, re-form, pre-fer, di-vide, de-scent; 但两个相同或不同的辅音字母(不是组合)在中间时,前后音节各分一个。如suc-cess,com-pare, ob-tain, at-tack, at-tract21西南财经大学天府学院第四单元 读音规则、音节等n3.两个元音字母相连,但又不读一个双元音时,则分别属于前后两个音节。如o-a-sis(绿洲),cha-os(混乱),po-et(诗人),cre-ate(创造),tri-an-gle(三角形)n4.元音字母之间的“x”总是属于前一个音节。如ex
14、-ist,ex-er-cise,ex-ert(尽力),ex-amplen5.词尾的字母组合如:-cial,-cian,-cious,tious,-tion,-sion总是构成一个音节,且其前一个音节总是要重读,如: so-cial, na-tion, de-ci-sion, pre-cious, cau-tious, in-i-tial, phy-si-cian(内科医生)n6.前后缀单独构成音节,如en-able, dis-appear, use-less, care-ful, help-less, read-er, teach-ern7.词首词尾的单一元音字母单独成一音节,但书写时不能单独
15、提行,如:a-bout, a-head, a-go, man-y, sleep-y.22西南财经大学天府学院第五单元 单词重音n 什么叫单词重音什么叫单词重音?任何一个双音节或多音节单词单独念时至少有一个音节念得比其它音节要重些,这种语音现象就叫单词重音;有些单词有主重音、次重音或双重音。单词的主重音记录时在重读音节的左上角打上“”表示,次重音在左下方打“”,如:return rt:n, written rt()n, redo ri:du:, desert det(沙漠), revolutionary ,evlu: (给单音节词标注的音标不打重音符号,如: me mi:, can kn , d
16、o du:)。23西南财经大学天府学院第五单元 单词重音n 单词重音的规律单词重音的规律:n1. 双音节词的读音模式n双音节名词的重音多在第一个音节上(/-)。 如pencilesl , moneym, contextCtest, productCdt, colourl, babybeb, sistersst, fatherf:, windowwdu 如果第二个音节含长元音或双元音,则重音多在第二个音节上,如:bamboobmbu:, baloonblu:, shampoomu:, canteenti:, designd, paradeed 但有例外的情况:如herohu, femalefi:
17、mel, recordeC:d, concertCst, expertest24西南财经大学天府学院第五单元 单词重音n双音节动词的第二个音节如属于下列情况,重音都在第二个音节上:nA. 含长元音:如desertd:t, increasei:s, recordC:d, producedu:s, recallC:lnB. 含双元音:applyl, arrivev, employmlC, allowlu, debatedbet,nC. 以两个辅音字母结尾: attackt, attracttt, assistsst, object Cbdt, belongbl25西南财经大学天府学院 其它情况均为
18、第一个音节重读,如openu, enteret, studystd, followflu, borrowbu。但有例外,如permitmt, rebelbel, commitmtn双音节形容词的重音规律和动词的重音规律一样。nA. 第二个音节含长元音时须重读:minutemu:t(微小的), genteeldeti:l(斯文的)。26西南财经大学天府学院第五单元 单词重音nB. 第二个音节含双元音时须重读:如alivelv, sublimesblm(崇高的)。nC. 第二个音节以两个(或三个)辅音字母结尾须重读。如:correctet, directdet, robustbst(健壮的), d
19、istinctdistt,不属于上述情况的均为第一个音节重读。如lovelylvl, cozyu, narrowu, eveni:v, humanhu:m, 但有例外:perfect:ft(双辅音字母结尾,但第一音节重读), silentslt, frequent fi:wt(双辅音字母结尾,但第一音节重读), honestst, absentbst (双辅音字母结尾,但第一音节重读)。27西南财经大学天府学院第五单元 单词重音n双音节副词和介词的重音规律与上述双音节动词和形容词的重音规律相似。(例词从略) 这里需要强调的是:英语中有一大批双音节名词兼作动词的情况,其拼写形式完全一样,但重音不
20、同。往往是:名词的重音在第一个音节,而动词的重音在第二个音节上。如: 名 词动 词accent st重音accent set重读combine Cmb 联合收割机combine mb结合concert Cst 音乐会concert s:t 协商desert det沙漠desert d:t舍弃;投降28西南财经大学天府学院第五单元 单词重音 名 词insultslt侮辱permit :mt许可证progress ues进步refuse efu:s垃圾suspectsset嫌疑犯tormenttC:met折磨 动 词insultslt侮辱permit mt允许progress esvi. 进展re
21、fuse fu:拒绝suspectsset怀疑tormenttC:metvi. 折磨n2. 三音节词的重音规律n三音节名词和形容词的重音通常在第一个音节上。如名词: policyls, comedymd, article:tl, cinema sm, emperorem, industrydst。29西南财经大学天府学院第五单元 单词重音形容词:accurateut, militantmltt, delicatedelt精细的, resoluteelu:t坚定的, beautifulbu:tfl 如果中间的音节含长元音或双元音或以两个辅音字母结尾,则中间那个音节重读。如名词:tomatotm:
22、tu(美音tmetu)disasterd:st灾难, bananab:, potatotetu, OctoberCtub,umbrellambel,dilemmadlem进退两难的境地, Septemberstemb但有例外:elevenlev(), familiarfml(第二个音节只以一个辅音结尾)30西南财经大学天府学院第五单元 单词重音n三音节动词的重读规律。na. 如果第三个音节含长元音或双元音或以两个辅音字母结尾,则(主)重读音一般都在第三个音节上。如: disagreedsi:, entertain ette, interchanget(:)ted, interferetf, i
23、nterrupttt, comprehendCmhed.但有例外:educate edu:et, liberatelbet, modernize mCd, socializesul.b.如果第三个音节含短元音,则重音一般在第二个音节上。如,encounterut遭遇到, rememberrImemb,embodymbCd, abolishbCl31西南财经大学天府学院第五单元 单词重音n3. 三个音节以上的单词(即多音节单词)的重音一般在倒数第三个或第四个音节上。revolutionaryevlu:, incompetentCmtt 但有许多例外,需勤查词典确认到底重音在哪个音节上。32西南财
24、经大学天府学院第六单元 读音规则n. 元音字母元音字母a, e, i(y), o, u在重读开音节和闭在重读开音节和闭音节中的读音规则音节中的读音规则(但有例外)元音字母音节类型读音例词例外a在绝对开音节中ebaby, labour, tablebanana在相对开音节中ecake, take, tast, facehave在闭音节中cat, bat, madbath, pass(英) e在绝对开音节中i:me, he, she在相对开音节中i:compete, delete, complete在闭音节中ebed, met, net, texti(y)在绝对开音节中aI, china, typ
25、ist, sty, by在相对开音节中atime, five, type在闭音节中ithink, thick, bit, bypicle33西南财经大学天府学院第六单元 读音规则n. 元音字母元音字母a, e, i(y), o, u在重读开音节和闭在重读开音节和闭音节中的读音规则音节中的读音规则(但有例外)元音字母音节类型读音例词例外o在绝对开音节中no, go, so, polo, moment在相对开音节中note, hole, choke, remote在闭音节中not, box, fog, hot, drop u在绝对开音节中ju: tutor, duty, studentflu fl
26、u:在相对开音节中ju: use, useful, huge,mule, cute(敏锐), muterule, June, rude, u:在闭音节中或cut, but, mustput, bull, full34西南财经大学天府学院第六单元 读音规则n. 元音字母元音字母a, e, i(y), o, u在重读在重读“r”音节中的读音规音节中的读音规则则字母读音例词例外ar:far, star, park, largewar, warm, warder:her, verb, herb, merchantclerk, veryir/yr:girl, stir, bird, myrtlem:tl
27、(美国加州桂花)mirrororor, for, short, horsesorry, borrowur:fur, hurt, murderhurry, furrow犁沟35西南财经大学天府学院第六单元 读音规则n. 元音字母元音字母a, e, i(y), o, u在重读在重读“re”音节中的读音规则音节中的读音规则(见下表见下表)字母读音例词例外-arecare, hare, bare, mareare:-erehere, mere, there, wherewere-ire-yretire, fire, tyre-ore:bore, tore, core, more, store-urec
28、ure, pure, manuresure, insure36西南财经大学天府学院第六单元 读音规则n. 常见元音字母组合的一般读音规则常见元音字母组合的一般读音规则字母组合在重读音节中在非重读音节中aiaye wait, main, waist, faith, day, stay, pay或portrait, certain, Sunday, holiday(但birthday例外)au: cause, fault, applause, autumn: authority, authentic(可信的)eai:beat, peace, meat, heatehead, bread, brea
29、st, breakfastegreat, breakidea, theatre forehead fCdeei:meet, greet, green, steel, need, three coffee, committeeeiiei:receive, ceiling, believeeither(英), neither(英)eleisure foreign37西南财经大学天府学院第六单元 读音规则n. 常见元音字母组合的一般读音规则常见元音字母组合的一般读音规则字母组合在重读音节中在非重读音节中eyi: keye they monkey, moneyoou: food, school, bo
30、ot, choose foot, good, book, look blood, flood boyhoodairare air, hair, pair, chair fare, care, dare, share armchair38西南财经大学天府学院第六单元 读音规则n. 常见常见“元音字母元音字母+辅音字母辅音字母”构成的字母组合的读构成的字母组合的读音音n1. al: walk, chalk, talk (例外:half, calm, palm :)n2. aw: law, saw, claw(爪子), awfuln3. augh : taught, daughter (但laugh
31、 l:f)n4. igha bright, night, right, lightn5. ough: bought, fought, thought, ought (但though, n throughru:, thoroughr例外)n6. ow know, flow, grow, bow(弓)(但knowledge)n owa how, now, cow, town, down, bown小结:前面总结的“读音规则”大多数都有例外情况。如果把所有的“规则”都列出来,就不成其规则了,太多太繁琐。最好的办法是,在记忆一般规则的基础上,勤查词典,多读多记,查的次数多了,“规则”自然就记住了。死记
32、规则不能代替查词典。只有这样,才能避免错误的发音,才能将每一个词读准确。39西南财经大学天府学院第七章 元音的延长与缩短(Lengthening &. Shortening of Vowels) 在不同的情况下,同一元音的长度有所不同,这主要是受它们前后辅音音素的影响。下面简要地把影响元音长度的几种情况作一介绍。n. 长元音和双元音的读音长短遵循下列规则:长元音和双元音的读音长短遵循下列规则:n1、在浊辅音前比在清辅音前要念得长些。、在浊辅音前比在清辅音前要念得长些。如:在清辅音前较短在浊辅音前较长leaf heart rope horse lightleave hard road cause
33、 slide40西南财经大学天府学院第七章 元音的延长与缩短(Lengthening &. Shortening of Vowels) 2. 在单音节词中比在双音节或多音节词的重读音节中念得长些:在单音节词中(较长)在多音节词中(较短)在单音节词中(较长)在多音节词中(较短)famechilddormfamouschildhooddormitoryloudbluehorseloudspeakerbluebirdhorseback41西南财经大学天府学院第七章 元音的延长与缩短(Lengthening &. Shortening of Vowels) 3. 在重读音节中比在非重读音节中念得长。例
34、:在重读音节中在非重读音节中在重读音节中在非重读音节中sofaidlebeforewindowideaforeseeseatbeltarmchairboyhoodsoft-seatone-armedcow-boy 4. 在句末比在句子当中念得长些。如:I didnt mean to hurt you. I dont know what you mean.He wants to know the truth. Ill tell you all I know.42西南财经大学天府学院第七章 元音的延长与缩短(Lengthening &. Shortening of Vowels)n. 和长元音一样
35、,短元音在浊辅音前也比在清辅和长元音一样,短元音在浊辅音前也比在清辅音前念得长些音前念得长些。如在清辅音前(较短)在浊辅音前(较长)bat must let bit dot itbad mud led bid dog isn. 短元音在清浊辅音前都念得比其它短元音长,有时甚至可以用:或.来表示其长度。如 Is it as bad as that? z t z b:d z :t Thats really sad news. ts l s:d nju:z43西南财经大学天府学院第八章 爆破音的处理(Handling of Plosives/Stops)前面已复习过,英语音素中有三对爆破辅音,即p
36、b; t d与k g。在说话或朗读中怎样正确、处理运用三对爆破音关系非常重大。处理得好,说起话来或朗读起来既省力又悦耳,给听者留下美好印象;反之则使听者大倒胃口,急于走开。处理爆破音分下列四种情况n. (完全完全)失去爆破(失去爆破(Complete Loss of Plosion)当两个爆破音相邻时或爆破音后紧跟破擦音t d tr dr时,前面的爆破音不发出来,只做好发音的口型,稍待即发出后面的爆破音或破擦音,这种情况叫“(完全)失去爆破”(可见于一个单词内,也可见于单词与单词之间)。44西南财经大学天府学院第八章 爆破音的处理(Handling of Plosives/Stops)n请看例
37、子: 1. 一个单词内的blackboardblbC:d, dropped dt, robbed rbd, dust-pan dstpn, picturet 2. 单词与单词之间:sweep clean, a locked door, slept badly, looked good, kept dancing, closed gate, a good book, a bad judge, a good chance, a great tree, a bad driver45西南财经大学天府学院第八章 爆破音的处理(Handling of Plosives/Stops)n. 不完全爆破(不完全
38、爆破(Incomplete Plosion)当当p b, t d, k g出现在摩擦音 f v s z 之前时,有轻微的爆破,紧接着发后面的摩擦音。爆破音的这种处理叫“不完全爆破”。 a great thinker, he said that, sweet fruit, grape vine, a good sailor, a big zero, a big show Exercises: 请反复大声流利地朗读下列失去爆破和不完全爆破的练习短语46西南财经大学天府学院第八章 爆破音的处理(Handling of Plosives/Stops) a black dog, a lamp post,
39、 an empty box, at bedtime, that boy, that child, that joke, a good chance, Mr. Tompson, your background, Its not true, a bad dream, said good-bye, what kind, a big town, a football team, that good girl, the flagpole, that door, grape core, Dont talk to him. that bad German, an old friend, He asked t
40、wice. I dropped too. “Mind you. Dont fall.” pull up the weeds. Dont pull away. (别走开呀!) What did you think of that film? When do you expect to get back from your good trip? Im getting off at the next stop.47西南财经大学天府学院第八章 爆破音的处理(Handling of Plosives/Stops)n. 鼻腔爆破鼻腔爆破(Nasal plosion) 当爆破音p,b,t,d,k,g后面紧跟
41、一个鼻辅音时(在同一词内或相邻词之间),爆破音的发音方法异常。气流呼出时,口腔内成阻的部位不移动(即没有“除阻”的过程,或不爆破开来)而在发鼻音的过程中,让气流从鼻腔冲出。这种处理爆破音的方式叫鼻腔爆破。练习:garden, written, Britain, pardon, happen, reckon, witness, sadness, kidney, loudness, topmost, admit, atmosphere, at night, Good night. Start now. eight men, Good morning. a good mother, sad musi
42、c, a good many, look nice, Bottom up. Speak now.48西南财经大学天府学院第八章 爆破音的处理(Handling of Plosives/Stops)n. 舌侧爆破(舌侧爆破(Lateral Plosion)当爆破音(主要是)t d后紧跟舌边音时,舌头紧贴上齿龈不离开,舌端的一侧或两侧从原来紧贴硬颚的位置突然收缩离开,形成间隙,让气流从舌侧的间隙冲出而产生轻微的爆破。这种处理爆破音的方式叫“舌侧爆破”。n练习:battle, middle, riddle, little, needle, badly, candle, cattle, kettle,
43、 bottle, correctly, comrade Lin, needless, at last, good luck, red light 注:p,b,k,g后跟l发音时也会产生同样的效果,不过不叫舌侧爆破,而是自成音节。(前面已讲) 如:apple, able, sickle, struggle49西南财经大学天府学院第八章 爆破音的处理(Treatment of Plosives/Stops)n综合练习:朗读下列单词和词组,注意失去爆破、不完全爆破、鼻腔爆破和舌侧爆破,并将它们分类。(按上面4大类分)nA. picture, outdoor, outcome, attempt, ca
44、ptain, asked, Britain, kindness, ridden, sadly, gladly, cradle, wouldnt, title, couldnt, bedpost, blindly, correctly50西南财经大学天府学院第八章 爆破音的处理(Handling of Plosives/Stops)nB. at night, a good master, kind people, sleep quietly, dark night, arrived late, waited long, said nothing, at last, good-looking, m
45、eet now and then, a good boy, a bad girl, a kind mother, the best seller, got five, hotpot, get three, like these, did that, grapevine, a good visit, that map, went slowly, liked me best, the best zoo, got zero, dropped two eggs, slept soundly51西南财经大学天府学院第八章 意群、气群与停顿(Sense-group, Breath group &. Pau
46、se)n. 什么是意群(什么是意群(Sense group)? 在词义和语法上结合得很紧密,表达一个较完整的意思的一组词叫“意群”。在每一个意群之后应作短暂的停顿。很短的句子只有一个意群;较长的句子可能有两个或更多的意群。意群与意群之间用“|”划开。例: 1. I am a student. (只有一个意群,中途勿需停顿)。 2. Great changes | have taken place | in China | in the past 20 years and more. (本句含4个意群.)52西南财经大学天府学院n. 什么叫气群?如果句子很长,朗读时则中途需要换气。每到一个需要换
47、气的地方,或每两个需要换气的点之间的那一段词句叫“气群气群”。气群大于意群,一个气群至少包含两个意群。气群与气群之间用“|”划开。气群与气群之间须有较意群之间更长一些的停顿。不过,气群的划分因人而异,肺活量大的人划的气群要少些,反之则要多些。例如: 3. Attracted by the great changes | that have taken place | in China | and also by her natural beauty, | more and more people | from various countries | are coming to visit ou
48、r country. (本句含8个意群)53西南财经大学天府学院第八章 意群、气群与停顿(Sense-group, Breath group &. Pause) 4. Australia, | which is an Oceanian country, | has strongly protested | to Soviet Union | a bout the discovery | of listening devices | hidden in the Australian Embassy | in the capital | of the Soviet Union-Moscow. 54
49、西南财经大学天府学院第九章 连读(Sound-linking/liaison) 在连贯的说话或朗读中,意思连接紧密的一组词常常连接起来,由一个词平滑地过渡到另一个;因此,前一词如果以辅音音素结尾,后一个词又以元音音素开头,前面的辅音很自然地就与后面的元音拼连起来,这种语音现象就叫连读(也叫 Liaison)。英语中的“连读”一般是在同一意群中进行,分以下几种情况。n. “词末辅音+词首元音”的连读 如:come out, an egg, big eyes, half open, first of all, pick it up, take it off, let us in, put it o
50、n. What is it?/ Good afternoon!/ Good evening! /Not at all. /Part of it is OK. /Take it away. / Once upon a time. Ill think about it. /Stand up | and answer my questions. come out of the house. 55西南财经大学天府学院第九章 连读(Sound-linking/liaison)n. “-r”或或“-re”音节结尾,读音为音节结尾,读音为- :/ / :/ :或或 -/+词首元音者可进行词首元音者可进行“插
51、入式连读插入式连读”(在(在 :/ / :/ : /后增加后增加“r”音与后面的元音与后面的元音连读音连读),),如: Stir it | over and over again st:r t vr nd vr gen for ever f:r ev, your own j:r n , father and mother f:r nd m, here and there hr nd , the door opened d:r pmd, Thanks for everything. ks fr ev, There is a house over there. r z has | v There
52、are four eggs on the plate, one for each of you. r f:r eg |n let w fr i:tv ju: 56西南财经大学天府学院第九章 连读(Sound-linking/liaison)There isnt any more. I dont care if they do.r znt e m: a dnt r f e du:说明:不是“-r”或“-re”音节结尾、即使读音为-/:/:+词首元音者不能进行插入式的连读。(也有人这样连读,但被认为是“不雅”或文化素养不高的表现。)如:the idea of going abroad China
53、and India ad|v g b:d t|d d drama and music Soda and milk d:m |d mu: sud | d mlk此处不能插入r此处不能插入r此处不能插入r此处不能插入r57西南财经大学天府学院第九章 连读(Sound-linking/liaison)cinema organ sm C:I saw it with my own eyes. a sC:t w ma a law and order lC: d C:dI saw off my friend a sC: Cf ma fedThe banana is very sweet.China is a
54、 great country.The panda is Chinas national treasure. 词末辅音词末辅音+词首半元音词首半元音j或或w时,也可产生连读。时,也可产生连读。如:Thank you. j I believe you. a bli:v Do it at once. du: t t ws He isnt wearing a tie. h t w ta 58西南财经大学天府学院第九章 连读(Sound-linking/liaison)n. 词末辅音词末辅音+h音素开头的音节音素开头的音节/单词,也可产生半单词,也可产生半连读。连读。如: I didnt hear it
55、 . a ddnt (h)r t We like history. w la (h)str Thats a good house. ts gt (h)asn. “词末元音+词首元音”产生过度性连读。如: go over g v, How are you? ha ju: He is also afraid of it. h z C:lsu fed v t A comrade so-and-so wants to see you.(一位叫某某的同志想见你。) Cmt s nt s wCts t si: j 59西南财经大学天府学院第十章 音的同化(Assimilation) 所谓“音的同化”是指相
56、邻的两个音素中的一个受到另一个的影响而发生变化。所以“音的同化”又叫“音变”。 音的同化分下列三种情况:1. 顺行同化顺行同化(Progressive Assimilation):相邻的两个音中前一个音影响后一个音,使得后一个音不得不被念得与前一个音近似。如: openu-um happen- h-hm workedw:-dw:t bagsbg-sbg roomsru:m-sru:mz baconbekbek- thicken- organC:C:- 60西南财经大学天府学院第十章 音的同化(Assimilation)n2. 逆行同化逆行同化(Regressive Assimilation):
57、相邻的两个音中后一个音影响前一个音,使得前一个不得不念得与后一个音近似。如: ten bztem bz; ten-mts temts; nju:znju:s pe; favfafsd; zs hi:h; these socks i:s sks; He was sent there. h ws set ; We chose six. w ts sks breathe slowly bi: sll Bridge Street brt stri:t61西南财经大学天府学院第十章 音的同化(Assimilation) this shop p; horse-shoe hC:u: ; butchers s
58、hop bt p; with thanks w s; (cf. with guns on shoulder) these shoes i: u:z; Yes, she will. je wl62西南财经大学天府学院第十章 音的同化(Assimilation)n3. 相互同化相互同化(Reciprocal Assimilation):相邻的前后两个辅音相互影响,因而两个音都发生变化而合并为一个新的音素。常见的有以下四种: t+jt last year l:st What about you? wt batu: Dont you think so? dntu: k s I lent you min
59、e. alentu: man We trust you. wtstu: d+jd Did you see it? ddu: si:t Would you mind it? wdu: mandt Mind your own business. He said yes to her idea. Glad youre all back. 63西南财经大学天府学院第十章 音的同化(Assimilation)ns+j God bless you. gdble six years skz Miss Yang 9m: this year Won success year after year w s se
60、:ft nz+j These years i: z Mrs Yang 9ms : those young people 9pi:pl the wise Europeans wa It is useful. t u:sfl64西南财经大学天府学院第十一章 语句重音词类在句中重读在句中非重读名词几乎全部名词少数含义极广泛的名词代词1、指示代词1、人称代词2、名词性物主代词2、反身代词(非强调用法)3、疑问代词3、形容词性物主代词4、强调性代词4、相互代词形容词全部形容词(含分词形容词) 无动词1、除have和be以外的行为动词2、非限定动词(不定式、分词、动作词)助动词;情态动词;have当“有”
61、讲时;be作系动词时;(以上四类与not构否定缩合式时须重读,在简短肯定答语中和省略了主要动词时亦应重读)一个句子中的单词并非都读得一样重,有的重些,有的轻些,这种语音现象叫“语句重音”或“句子重音”。下表是英语十大词类在句中是否有语句重音的一般规律:65西南财经大学天府学院第十一章 语句重音词类在句中重读在句中非重读副词除关系副词以外的全部副词关系副词介词双音节及其以上的介词可重读单音节介词连接词词组连词中的中心词单一连词数词全部数词起代词作用的数词感叹词独立成句的感叹词其后紧跟重读音节的感叹词冠词无三个冠词均不重读66西南财经大学天府学院第十一章 语句重音n. 语句重音一般规律的实例语句重
62、音一般规律的实例n、名词:几乎全部名词在句子中都应重读/都有语句重音n(1) China is a great countryn(2) The earth goes round the sun, and the moon goes round the earth.n(3) Dont throw the snow on that side of or into the street但:少数意义广泛的名词,当前面有修饰语时无语句重音,如thing, person, place, man, woman, fellow, time, ship 等 如: Thats a nice thing. He i
63、s an easy person to get along with. Please come round to my place. His wife is a beautiful woman. (比较The woman is beautful.) Its already lunch time. (比较Its time for lunch.) Mr Tompson is an honest man. (cf. Theres a man in the house.) The one we took was a wonderful ship. 67西南财经大学天府学院第十一章 语句重音n2、代词n
64、(1)指示代词、名词性物主代词、 疑问代词、 强调性反身代词有语句重音。如: This isnt the book I want. This isnt mine . Its yours. Wht e these? Do you lie those flowes? I did it myself . /The m himself told me so. 但:非强调性的反身代词无语句重音为: The boy hurt himself when running in the courtyard. I citicied myself whe I mde the miste. 68西南财经大学天府学院第
65、十一章 语句重音n(2)人称代词(主格、宾格)、形容词性物主代词、相互代词、关系代词无语句重音。 I am a college student. This is our classroom, in which we have our lessons. We always help each other. China is a nation that has the largest population in the world. Is that the book which cost you more than 20 yuan?n3 形容词:全部形容词(包括分词形容词)都有语句重音。 The
66、streets are wide, clean and beautiful. Its a dull, an uninteresting film. Thats a very moving story. The worried man entered the crowded street.n4. 数词:无论是当名词还是当形容词用时都有语句重音。 He bought ten books while I did only five. One is enough, two is more and three is not allowed.69西南财经大学天府学院第十一章 语句重音n5. 动词n(1)表
67、意动词/行为动词都有词句重音 He usually goes for a walk after supper. Dont forget to turn off the light when you leave the room. I think you saw him yesterday. We decided to start early the next morning.(不定式) He is sitting there writing a letter.(现在分词) Its no use crying over spilt milk.(动名词)n(2)下列非行为动词的肯定式在陈述句中一般
68、没有词句重音,但在一般疑问句中和简略回答中有语句重音,其否定式的缩略式有语句重音。n “be”动词的am, are, is, was, were being和been I am a teacher and my father is a doctor.70西南财经大学天府学院第十一章 语句重音 He wants to be a soldier when he grows up. When we entered the room they were having a meeting. A steel bridge is being built across the river. I havent
69、been to Shanghai yet. 但:在句末的“be”动词有语句重音。-Are you a student? -Yes, I am. Do you know who he is? Here you are. /There it is.nTo “have” 动当“有”讲时无语句重音 I have two letters to write. He had something important to do that day. Few people had TVsets in those years. -Have you a brother? Yes, I have. /No. I hav
70、ent.71西南财经大学天府学院第十一章 语句重音n情态动词can, may(可以), must. Any Chinese people can speak Chinese. You may go now. We must all study hard. We cant (cannot) stay here any longer.-May I take the book out? yes, you may. /no, you mustnt但:当“may”当“可能”讲时即使在肯定式中也有语句重音。 如:He may come today.n助动词do, does (did)(在疑问句中可没有语句
71、重音,但在简略答语中有),其与not的缩略式dont/ doesnt /didnt有语句重音,其肯定式在强调式的肯定句中有语句重音。 Do you like English? Yes, I do, very much. /No, I dont. What did you do last Sunday?72西南财经大学天府学院第十一章 语句重音 He doesnt get up at 6:00 am, he does at 6:30 am. Do come to my house for supper. He did say so. I remember it clearly. She does
72、 like singing.n6. 副词:除关系副词外的其它副词都有词句重音。 Come back home early today. Where did you buy your dictionary? Why do you go there every day? We can see flowers everywhere in the city. Ive never heard of such a thing before. Perhaps hell arrive tonight. -Will you do it? -Yes, I will. /No, I will not. -Come
73、in, please, but you must take off your shoes.73西南财经大学天府学院第十一章 语句重音 但关系副词没有语音重音 This is the room where Mr. Luxun wrote books. October 1, 1949 was the day when New China was born. Thats the reason why he failed.n7. 介词:单音节介词一般没有语句重音。 All but one of the family are at home. Mianyang is far from Beijing.
74、What are you looking at?n多音节介词可有也可没有语句重音。 He usually takes a walk ()after supper.n在不重读的系动词be (am, are, is, was, were等)或疑问词、人称代词后的一切介词都应有语句重音。 He is by the window. She is with her mother.74西南财经大学天府学院第十一章 语句重音 Are you from Chengdu or Chongqing? Is it near the post-office?n在句首的任何介词都有语句重音。 On his way to
75、 school, Tom found a wallet and turned it in. Under the tree stands an old man.n8. 连词n单个的并列连词和从属连词没有语句重音。 come and have a look. I saw it, but I didnt read it carefully. China has changed greatly since 1978 when reforming began. He insisted on doing it though I told him not to.75西南财经大学天府学院第十一章 语句重音n词
76、组连词中的中心词有语句重音 Ill tell him as soon as he comes back. Youll surely succeed so long as you work hard.n状语从句在主句前,引起状语从句的连词常有语句重音。 When he came, we were having a meeting. After I finished writing the letter, I posted it.n连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which(可)有语句重音。 I wonder who he is. Do you know which is
77、better?76西南财经大学天府学院第十一章 语句重音n9.感叹词n独立成句的感叹词都有语句重音 Ah! Oh! Eh? Hello!n后面紧跟强重音词的感叹词可无语句重音 Oh no! Ah my! Oh dear!n10.冠词:a, an, the 在任何情况下都无语句重音 He lives in a house in front of the school. The boy is an orphan. 77西南财经大学天府学院第十一章 语句重音n. 不合乎语句重音一般规律的例外情况不合乎语句重音一般规律的例外情况 1、任何本来有语句重音的词,如果在上文刚出现过,第二次、第三次再提及时一
78、般就失去语句重音(即不重读)。如 - How ,many dys e thee i the moth of Juy? -There are thity oe dys i the moth of Juy. They wt stog me. OK, I am strong. Do your homewo s Li Ping does. I bought dictioy yestedy. The dictionary cost me iety yu. A study-group was set u lst wee.We two e both i the studygroup. 78西南财经大学天府学
79、院第十一章 语句重音n2、一个名词受另一个词(形容词或名词)修饰时,而修饰词在习惯上或不言而喻地与别的修饰词形成对比时,或两个词意义联系很紧密时,被修饰的名词失去语句重音,只重读名词前面的修饰词语。如 railway journey, sea journey. business trip, a pleasure trip, camping trip cute angle(锐角), obstuse angle(钝角) high-school teacher , rimary school teacher college student , middle school student door k
80、nob, a basket-ball, a volley-ball a radio set, a TV set, a VCD player79西南财经大学天府学院第十一章 语句重音n3. “street”一词在街名中一律不重读(即失去语句重音)。如: Oxford Street, Downing Street, Madison Street 但road, lane (巷), avenue(大道;干道)等在街道名中却有语句重音,如: York Road, Michigan Avenue, Chancery Lane.n4. Such 后面有强调词时“such”失去语句重音。 such a cle
81、ver boy, such wide and straight streetsn5. 以what 开头的感叹句中的what无语句重音。 What beautiful weather! What a clever boy! What a day! What a mess!n6. 副词“so” 在“think so”do(es) /did so”“say(s)/said so”等句子中无语句重音。 如:I think so. You said so. He did so.80西南财经大学天府学院第十一章 语句重音n7. so, now, then 当语气词用,只用于连接上下文时无语句重音。 So(
82、于是) he went into the garden alone. Now(好了) listen to me carefully. Then(那么) what shall we do? n8. “and so on, and so forth”短语中的“on”与“forth”不重读。n9. “to be going to do sth.”中的going无语句重音。如:What are you going to do next? I am going to buy a new TV set.n10. 某些助动词在表好奇、焦虑、惊异等心情,并跟紧在疑问词后面有语句重音。如: What are g
83、olden trumpets? What is in the box? How did they manage to do it?81西南财经大学天府学院第十一章 语句重音n11. one(复数ones)作代词用(不是作数词用)时没有语句重音。如: Thats a good one. How are the little ones? Yours is a red one, while mine is blue one.n. 逻辑重音逻辑重音(Logical Stress)/强调重音强调重音(Emphatic Stress) 有时说话人可用重音来暗示某种对比,即用含蓄的方式使听者明白对比的另一个
84、人或事物,这种重音叫“逻辑重音”,如I never said that.这个句子,按语句重音的一般规律,除“I”以外的其余三个词都有语句重音,但说话人可这样使用重音: I never said that. (意即,别人说过那话) I never said that. (意即,我说那话是绝对不可能的)82西南财经大学天府学院第十一章 语句重音 I never said that. (意即,也许我暗示过,但没说出口) I never said that. (意即,我或许说过别的什么,但没说过那话。)又如:He doesnt want to do it today.(一般重读规律)但说话人可按下面不
85、同的模式使用重音。 He doesnt want to do today. (或许别的人想今天做此事。) He doesnt want to do it today. (或许他想明天或别的什么时候做。)再如:You mustnt speak so loudly here. (暗示,在别处大声讲话可以。) You wanted me to do that. =It was you who wanted me to do that. (意即,“不是我自己要做”;或“不是别的人要我做”) Many people think she sings well, but I dont think so. 8
86、3西南财经大学天府学院第十二章 语调(Intonation)n. 什么叫语调?什么叫语调?语调是指说话或朗读时调子/调门的高、低、平、升、降,以表达不同的意图和感情。同样一句话,运用不同的语调来说则表达的含义不同。如:Thank you. (表示其诚,发至内心。)而Thank you. (则表示应付、敷衍、随便,未必发自内心。) Yes. 表示肯定。而Yes? 则表示怀疑、等待对方继续说下去。n.常用语调的类型降调、升调、降升调、平调。无论“升”与“降”都发生在重读音节上。n1.降调降调一般用于陈述句、特殊疑问句、祈使句、感叹句,表达确定、终结、武断、严肃、不容反驳、指令/命令等态度。84西南
87、财经大学天府学院第十二章 语调na)陈述句:Ive got something important to do. (肯定) (含对一般问句的肯、否定回答)Thats all I want to say. (终结) Are you a teacher? Yes, I am. No, Im not.nb)特殊问句:What are these? (期待得到回答) Which (one) do you like best? Why did he ask such a silly question.nc) 祈使句:Do as I tell you. Come here at once. Lets go
88、 there together. Come &. dine with us.nd)感叹句:What a wonderful day! How nice (it is)! What a nonsense! How beautiful the flowers are!85西南财经大学天府学院第十二章 语调n2.升调升调一般用于一般疑问句(yes, no问句)、特定环境下的陈述句、位语句首的壮语(从句),列举人或事物、数数等用以表示求知、随便、冷漠、敷衍、不肯定、怀疑、不赞成、责备、抚慰等态度。na) 一般问句Are you a college student?(求知) Do you get up
89、at 6:30 in the morning?(求知)nb) 在特定的语境下和各种陈述句 I cant do it now. (不肯定) Come along if you like. (冷漠) you cant do that. (不赞成) (“His grandfather died yesterday.”) “Oh, the respected old man died?” (怀疑) Thats all right. (敷衍) Oh, dont cry. you arent hurt. (抚慰) You are late again. (责备) 86西南财经大学天府学院第十二章 语调nc
90、) 句首的状语(从句): When we got there, (the train had already left.) After supper (they usually go for a walk.)nd) 列举人或事物: There are five people in my family, my grandfather, grandmother, father, mother and I. We take 5 courses this term: Intensive Reading, Extensive Reading, Listening, Oral English &. Com
91、puter Science.ne) 数数:Please count from 110. All right. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 and 10.87西南财经大学天府学院第十二章 语调n3. 降升调( )用于陈述句表示犹豫、抱歉、警告、异议、保留、让步等。 I think Id better go now. (犹豫) I havent studied hard enough, so I failed. (抱歉) Youll miss your train.(警告) (-It wont take you long.) It will. (异议) (-You cant speak Japanese.) I can read it. (让步) (-There isnt any chance.) Id like to have one. (保留)n4. 平调指句子进行的过程中最后一个重读音节以前的各重读音节须保持在相对平稳的调值/位上。 What time do you get up? Do you mind my smoking here? Mother has gone to work already. 88西南财经大学天府学院