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1、即瀾性从句、形容词性从句(即定语从句和副词性从句(即状语从 句)。引导从句的词称作关联句。一、名词性从句 引导这些名词性从句的关联词包括:从属连词 ：that, if, whether;连接代词： who,whoever,whom,whomever,which,whichever,what,whate ver,whose;连接副词 where, when, why, how。其中, 从属连词只起连接作用, 在从句中不充当任何句法成分,而连接代词和连接副词既起连接作用, 在从句中又充当一定的成分. 不可省略的连词：1. 介词后的连词2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。That she
2、was chosen made us very happy.We heard the news that our team had won.比较：whether与if均为是否”的意思。但在下列情况下，whether 不能被 if 取代：1. whether 引导主语从句并在句首2. 引导表语从句3. whether 从句作介词宾语4. 从句后有or notWhether he will come is not clear.The fact is that he didnt go to the dinner party.I dont know if he will attend the meet
3、ing.1. 罢含有主语从句的复合句中，为保持句子平衡，常用it作形 式主语，而将真正的主语从句置于句末.That-从句作主语通常 用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末，例如：It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.很清楚， 整个计划注定要失败。Its a pity that you should have to leave.你非走不可真是件憾事。Its well-k now n that water is in dispe nsable to life.(形式主语)a. It + be +形容词+ th
4、at-从句It is n ecessary that.有必要It is importa nt that.重要的是It is obvious that. 很明显.b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句It is believed that. 人们相信.It is known to all that. 从所周知.It has been decided that. 已决定.c. It + be + 名词+ that-从句It is common knowledge that. 是常识It is a surprise that. 令人惊奇的是.It is a fact that. 事
5、实是.d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句It appears that. 似乎.It happens that. 碰巧.It occurred to me that. 我突然想起.2. 为保持句子平衡,that引导的宾语从句也常用it代替，而将真正的宾语从句置于主句句末。这常常出现在主句有形容词或分词 作宾语补足语的情况下。He made it quite clear that he preferred to live here.3. 从属连词whether和if都作“是否”解，但if不可引导主语从句和表语从句。whether可与or(not)连用，而if不可以。I dont know
6、 whether (if) she is at home.Whether she comes or not makes no difference.4. that和what引导名词性从句的区别:that在从句中不充当成分，而what在从句中充当一定的成分，如主语、表语、宾语等。that 可省略,what则不可省。He always means what he says.She suggested (that) he do it at once.5. 同位语从句大多由从属连词that引导，常跟在下列名词后面，亠如fact, idea, opi nion, n ews, hope, belief
7、等,that 不可省。同位语 从句一般用来解释说明这些名词的具体含义和内容。用于限定性或非限定性定语从句指人 指物 whichword We are familiar with the idea that all matter consists of atoms. The news that we are invited to the conference is very encouraging.二、形容词性从句 引导定语从句的关联词包括:(1) 关系代词:that, which, whose, who, whom, as; 关系副词:whe n, where, why。关系代词和关系副词在定
8、语从句中都充当一定的句法成分,关系代 词在句中充当动词的宾语时, 一般可省去。关系代词的选用比 较复杂, 它受下列条件的制约:(1) 先行词是指人还是指物;(2) 关系代词在从句中的句法功能;(3) 定语从句是限定性的还是非限定性的。 关系代词的选用情况见下表: 先行词在从句中的句法功能用于限定性定语从句 指人或指物 主语who宾语whom which定语whose whose(ofwhich)I know that he is a man who (that) means what be says. The gentleman whom (that) she met addressed he
9、r with courtesy(礼貌)。The watch which (that) was lost has been found. Here is the meterial which (that) you need. Youre the only one whose advice he might listen to. 关系副词的选用相对来说较简单。如先行词为表示时间的名词, 如 time, day等，则用when;如先行词为表示地点的名词，如 place, house, area 等,则用 where; 如先行词为 reason, 则用 why。Ill never forget the
10、 mountain village where (in which) I spent my childhood.that that格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持_、=_ 亠，、；1.当先行词是all, something, nothing等不疋代词时;或先行词刖有first,last, only, few, much, some, an y, no 等修饰时;或先行词前 有形容词最高级修时, 一般只用 that 而不用 which 来引导疋语 从句。Ive explained everything (that) I can to you.This is the most beautiful com
11、pus (that) Ive ever been to.2. 疋从语句从与句主分句为关限系疋紧性密疋,语为从句句中和不非可限缺疋少性的疋部语分从, 句如,去限掉疋,性主疋句语 意思不完整。非限疋性疋语从句与主句关系松散, 如去掉, 主句 内容仍完整。在书面语中, 非限疋性疋语从句一般被逗句隔开。 非限定性定语从句一般不用that引导。引导非限定性定语从句 的关系词不可省略。His speech, which bored everyone, went on and on.The generals daughter, whose name is Ann, gave me a sweet smile
12、.3. 先行词也可以是整个句子。这时，-般用whjph或as来引导定 语从句。 which 在从句中可充当主语、宾语等, as 在从句中一 般只充当主语。which与as引导此类定语从句的区别在于： which只能置于句中或句末，而as的位置比较灵活，可置于句 中、句末, 又可置于句首。Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen, which (as) is known to all.He was awarded a gold medal, which the whole family considered a great honor.As had bee n
13、expected, he fini shed first in decathl on(十项全能)at that Olympic Games.4. 关系代词在疋语从句中有时也做介词的宾语。如果介词被置于关 系代词前，一般只用介词+which或介词+whom,而不用介词 +that来此导疋语从句。如果介词被置于从句句末，则可用that 代替 which或whom,且that这时可省去。This is the ring on which she spent 1,000 dollars.One of my colleagues whom (that) you are familiar with wil
14、l come today. 区分关系代词与关系副词I dont know the reason why (for which) he did that.动词可编辑-当至句和从句中的动作均为延续动作时，一般用while,而不用 when或as。当表示两个同时发展、变化的情况时一般用as, 作“随着”解。When she comes, I shall tell her to wait for you.As she got older, she got wiser.While Peter was reading, his wife was cooking.2. 有些副词和一些表示时间的名词词组也可用
15、作从属连词,引导时 间状语从句。如 instantly, immediately, directly, the day, every time, the minute, the second, the moment 等。Immediately he arrived, he started describing us what had happened.The day he returned home, his grandpa was alrady dead.(二) 条件状语从句引导条件状语从句的从属连词有:if, un less, as (so) long as, only if(只要)。If you dont come on time, well start out without you.As (so) long as you keep on trying, youll certainly succeed.提示 除了以上提到的从属连词外, 还有其它的一些词或词组也可引导条 件状语从句。如: providing that, provided, supposing that, suppose that, on condition that, in case 等。Provided
