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1、生物地理学论文：Impacts of past glaciation events on contemporary fish assemblages of the Ohio River basin历史上的冰川活动对现在俄亥俄流域鱼类群聚的影响Stephen J. Jacquemin* and Mark PyronAquatic Biology and Fisheries Center, Department of Biology, Ball State University Muncie, IN 47306, USA*.作者单位:鲍尔州州立大学生物系,水生生物和渔业中心作者简介联系作者Step
2、hen J. Jacquemin1 http:/mpyron.iweb.bsu.edu/Students/Jacquemin.html, 联系方式: E-mail: sjjacqueminbsu.edu目前是鲍尔州州立大学生物学系水生生物和渔业中心的博士生，他是在北俄亥俄大学获得的学士学位，而在鲍尔州州立大学取得硕士学位，主要的研究方向是环境对鱼类群聚和种间互作的影响。另一位作者Mark Pyron2 http:/mpyron.iweb.bsu.edu/. 是Stephen J. Jacquemin的导师，他是鲍尔州州立大学的副教授，主要的研究方向是保护生态学，具体地说就是研究在激流群落中鱼类
3、的群聚和进化。Pyron教授同时还是American Midland Naturalist 和 Southwestern Naturalist 的副主编。摘要目标通过分类学组成和功能群的方法，估计沿俄亥俄流域的更新世冰川边界上鱼类群聚的多样性。验证生境和水文对鱼类群聚多样性的影响。研究地点美国北部的俄亥俄流域地区，包括俄亥俄、印第安纳和伊利诺伊斯三个州。研究方法收集鱼类样本的地点分布在已定义的威斯康辛、前威斯康辛和无冰川区三个区域。多元分析、多响应置换过程、判别分析和指示种分析方法用来分析有着不同的冰川影响历史的地区其鱼类的分类和功能群聚之间是否有显著差异。而主成分分析方法用来鉴别不同的生境、
4、水质和水文梯度，这些因素会因受到不同的冰川影响而产生差异。实验结果ABSTRACTAim We evaluated variation in fish assemblages on the basis of taxonomic composition and functional groups based on Pleistocene glacial boundaries in the Ohio River basin. We tested for the influence of habitat and hydrology on fish assemblage variation.Locat
5、ion Ohio River basin of North America, including the states of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois.Methods Fish collection sites were identified as Wisconsinan, pre-Wisconsinan or unglaciated regions. Multivariate analyses, multi-response permutation procedures, discriminant analysis and indicator species an
6、alyses were used to test whether taxonomic and functional assemblages were distinct among regions with varying glacial histories. Principal components analysis was used to identify habitat and water quality, as well as hydrological gradients that could be discerned by glacial region.Results 有着不同冰川影响
7、历史的地区，其鱼类的分类和功能群聚都有着显著的差异。鱼类群聚在分类和功能上差别最大的是无冰川区和前威斯康辛区，而无冰川区和威斯康辛区最接近。通过使用分类和功能分析，我们分别以71%和60%的准确率将研究区域中的采样地点作出了分类。威斯康辛地区的典型特征是鲤科和亚口鱼科与大量抗逆性比较高的鱼类的群聚,这些鱼类倾向于分布在水流速度较低的生境中。前威斯康辛地区的特点是鲤科、亚口鱼科、刺鲈科和鲈科与抗逆性较低的鱼类的群聚,这些鱼类倾向于分布在溪流大小变化的区域，因为这种区域往往水底环境更粗糙，水流速度更快。无冰川区的的特点是分布有鲤科和鲈科,但其和任何基于特定生境的功能群都没有紧密关联。We iden
8、tified significant differences in both taxonomic and functional fish assemblage structure and habitat variation among regions that had different glaciation histories. The largest differences in taxonomic and functionally based fish communities were for unglaciated and pre-Wisconsinan regions, while
9、unglaciated and Wisconsinan regions were most similar. We correctly classified study regions in 71% and 60% of sites using taxonomy and functional analyses, respectively.Wisconsinan sites were characterized by Cyprinidae and Catostomidae assemblages with high abundances of tolerant fishes that tende
10、d to occur in habitats with reduced current velocity. Pre-Wisconsinan sites, were characterized by Cyprinidae, Catostomidae， Centrarchidae and Percidae families with increased abundances of intolerant fishes that tended to occur in habitats with coarser substrates and increased water velocity in str
11、eams of varying size. Unglaciated sites were characterized by Cyprinidae and Percidae families and were not closely associated with any habitat-based functional group.在无冰川区和前威斯康辛区的生境与威斯康辛区显著不同，其中威斯康辛这一区域的典型特点是有更多的河道结构以及溪流尺度较小。主要结论更新世的冰川事件造成了溪流生境和相应的鱼类在分类和功能群聚结构上显著的区域差异，这种差异是持续时间较长的，而且可以作为一种预测模型。尽管有很
12、多因素影响鱼类的分布，但这项研究的结果表明，一些历史因素，比如冰川的变化，可能能够用来进一步解释鱼类群聚在空间上的多样性形成的潜在机制。关键字鱼类群聚、功能群、冰川、生境、水文、多元分析、北美、俄亥俄河流域。Habitat in the unglaciated and pre- Wisconsinan was significantly different from that in the Wisconsinan sites, which were characterized by increased channel structure and reduced stream size.Main
13、 conclusions Pleistocene glaciation events formed a lasting template of predictable regional differences in stream habitat and in the corresponding taxonomic and functional fish assemblage structures. While many factors impact the distribution of fishes, these results suggest that historical influen
14、ces such as glaciation may be used to further explain the underlying mechanisms of spatial variation in fish assemblages.KeywordsFish assemblages, functional groups, glaciation, habitat, hydrology, and multivariate analysis, North America, and Ohio River watershed.一、 研究背景鱼类群聚是基于特定生境的短周期、小尺度的鱼类行为的表现。
15、（Wang Z H，Wang K & Zhang S Y，2011）以往的观点认为，溪流中鱼类群聚的多样性主要受到生境、人为因素和种间的相互作用等因素的影响。（Angermeier & Winston, 1998）然而，目前对于历史上的冰川活动对现在特定区域内鱼类群聚的多样性可能造成的影响还了解得相对较少。冰川在更新世这一地质历史阶段塑造了北半球大部分地区的地形地貌(距今约一百八十万年到一万年， Flint, 1957; Black et al., 1973)。在这一时期，无论是冰川的推进还是消退都会带动大量的地表物质，从而改变地表形态；冰川运动还能够通过蓄水、引水和创造新河道的方式间接或直接
16、地改变当地的水文状况；冰川携带的冰碛物、黄土、冲积物的覆盖使其经过的地区变得更加平坦、均匀。（Flint, 1957; Black et al., 1973)。 冰川影响的最终结果就是在比较均一的冰川区和不均一的无冰川区在地形上产生明显的差别。(Flint, 1957; Black et al., 1973)鱼类群落的地理分布范围是它们经历了长期历史进化的结果，而且最终特定区域内鱼类的群聚多被物种分布界限强烈影响。(Ricklefs, 1987; Jackson et al., 2001) 历史上的冰川事件通过改变生境、隔离的方式影响了这些物种分布界限和分类群的分布范围，而且由于冰川在推进和消退过程中造成的反复的冰川范围变动也对以上
