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1、分词用法归类一、形 式 现在分词： 主动形式 被动形式一般式 doing being done完成式 having done having been done 过去分词只有一种形式。二、 功 能1作表语2作定语3作状语4作宾语补足语5. 现在分词的完成形式和被动形式6. 独立结构1作表语。现在分词多表示主语所具有的特征或属性；过去分词多表示主语所处的状态，如： The news was exciting. The situation is encouraging. She looked disappointed. He appeared satisfied with my answer. He
2、 seemed quite delighted at the idea. Dont get excited.注：已经成为形容词的分词，可以用 very 修饰；没有完全成为形容词的分词宜用 much 或 quite，有时也可用very much，如： Im very much pleased. Hes very much worried about his health.注：过去分词作表语时，应注意与被动结构的区别。 系表结构说明主语的状态或具有的性质、特点；被动结构强调谓语动作，指主语所承受的动作。此外还有：系表结构：a. 常用一般现在或一般过去时态；b. 一般不带状语； c. 可以有不及物动
3、词的过去分词。被动结构：a. 有多种时态，常与主动语态的时态一致；b. 可以带时 间、方式或 by 短语作状语；c. 必须是及物动词。 The small village is surrounded by trees. (状态) The small village was soon surrounded by enemy soldiers. (动作) Im interested in chess. I was interested by what you told me. The sun is risen. This novel was written by Lu Xun in 1921. 2
4、作定语： 单独作定语，应放在被修饰的名词之前，如： touching story / leading cadres / shining example / coming week / skilled worker / armed forces / boiled water / steamed bread Barking dogs seldom bite. Soon our respected and beloved leaders entered the banquet hall.注：分词作定语时，意义上接近于一个定语从句，如： developing countries = countries
5、 that are developing a growing city = a city that is growing liberated areas = areas that have been liberated 在更多情况下，可以用分词短语作定语，这时分词短语应放在被修饰的名词之后，在意义上也相当于一个定语从句，如： Who is the man standing (= that is standing) by the door? They built a highway leading (= which leads) into the mountains. They are prob
6、lems left (= which have been left) over by history. Have you read any short stories written by Lu Xun? 作定语的现在分词（和修饰的名词有主谓关系，）所表示的动作发生的时间有两种情况：a. 表示正在进行的动作, (变为从句时要用进行时态), 如： Tell the children playing there (who are playing there) not to make so much noise. Did you see the man talking (who was talkin
7、g) to the manager?b. 表示经常性的动作, 或现在 (或当时) 的状态, (变为从句时, 用一般时态), 如： They lived in a room facing (= that faced) the south. The house standing (= that stands) at the corner of the street was built in 1955. 过去分词作定语时，过去分词所表示的动作可以在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，也可以是没有一定的时间性，如A及物动词的过去分词表示“结束了的被动动作”或者没有一定的时间性,只表示“被动关系”。 pollut
8、ed water = water which is polluted reserved seats = the seats which were reserved trapped animal = the animal which was trappedB不及物动词的过去分词不表被动，只表示动作发生在谓语动词之前，含有“动作完成，动作结束”之含义。boiled water = water which has boiled fallen leaves = the leaves which have fallen risen sun = the sun which has risenIs this
9、 the book recommended by our teacher? The meeting held last week is very important. He is a man loved by all. I hate to see letters written in pencil. 注：如果所表示的动作现刻正在发生，或是与谓语所表示的动作同时发生，可以用现在分词的被动形式来表示，如： The meeting being held is very important. We must keep a secret of the things being discussed her
10、e.注：如果所表示的是一个未来的动作，可以用一个不定式的被动形式来表示，如： The meeting to be held next week is very important. Please tell me the subjects to be discussed at the next meeting. 分词还可以作非限制性定语（相当于一个非限制性定语从句），这时，它和句子的其他部分用逗号隔开，试比较： All my brothers living in Shanghai are scientists. All my brothers, living in Shanghai, are s
11、cientists. All the letters in the drawer written in pencil are from my sister. All the letters in the drawer, written in pencil, are from my sister. 本节值得注意的问题：现在分词短语作定语时，所表示的动作不能先于谓语所表示的动作，也不可以表示将来。另外，一般不用现在分词的完成式作定语，所以，下列句子都是错的： Here is Mr. Li coming from Beijing. (应改为who has come from Beijing) Tho
12、se having finished their work can go home now. (应改为who have finished) The man giving us a lecture last week left for Shenzhen this morning. (应改为who gave us) 系动词的现在分词形式不可用作后置定语，此时要用从句来表示，如： Those being busy dont have to go. (应改为Those who are busy dont have to go.) His brother being a PLA man is 18 ye
13、ars old. (应改为who is) 不及物动词的过去分词不可用作后置定语，若要表示这个意思要用从句，如： The lion died in this zoo the other day was a mother lion. (应改为which/that died) 3作状语： 现在分词作状语，表示陪衬性的动作或伴随情况，如： The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily. They stood there for an hour watching the game. She sat at the desk r
14、eading a newspaper.注意：a. 分词表示的必须是主语的一个动作；b. 分词表示的动作和谓语表示的动作（或状态）是同时发生的；c. 分词表示的是比较次要的动作，对谓语表示的动作或状态加以说明；d. 大部分放在谓语之后；e. 分词有时可以与句子的其他部分用逗号隔开。 现在分词作状语，表示行为方式或手段（这类状语可以放在句首，也可以放在句末，有时还可以放在句中。其他参考上述a-c），如： Following the guide, they started to climb. Working this way, they greatly reduced the cost. Travelling by jeep, we visited a number of cities. 现在分词作状语，表示原因或理由，如： Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note. Not knowing her address, we couldnt get in touch with her. Being so poor in those days, we couldnt afford to send the boy
