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1、摘要汽车工业是人类现代文明的重要标志之一,进入21世纪后随着人类环境保护意识的加强以及能源危机的日益突显,使得人们不得不重新审视和定位汽车产业的现状和将来。电动汽车具有节能,零排放,低噪声等优点,是真正绿色环保的交通工具。无刷直流电机是一种通用性很强的高性能应用电机,以其控制简单、可靠性高等优越的性能成为电动汽车驱动系统的首选。本文以四驱电动车电机驱动控制系统作为研究对象,采用FPGA作为控制核心进行了相关的分析研究。本文首先对国内外电动汽车的现状及发展趋势以及电动车驱动系统控制方法进行了相关调研,了解无刷直流轮毅电机的控制方法及控制器的发展。其次,本文对电动车驱动系统控制技术进行了分析,并根
2、据电动车驱动控制系统的特性及提高系统集成度的要求,采用FPGA为控制核心。FPGA作为数字器件,通常用于控制数字化电机;通过对本控制系统进行一定程度的数字化改造,可用于控制直流电机,并且可以提高系统的调速精度和控制功能。FPGA采用独特的并行运算电路,在一个控制核心中可以加入多个控制对象进行独立驱动,控制性能不受到影响,各控制对象间不会产生干扰,避免了多对象实时控制中繁琐的时序设计问题,一定程度上提高系统的集成度和抗干扰能力。再次,以Altera FPGA为核心控制器设计电动车电机驱动控制系统。控制系统主要分为控制部分和驱动部分。控制部分主要由FPGA及AD转换器组成,包括数据采集和PWM波形
3、的产生以及电机电枢电流的采样。驱动电路由MOSFET功率转换电路及光电隔离电路组成。电机的位置信号由霍尔元件采集。选择PID控制算法,对数字PID控制器进行设计并在FPGA控制器上实现;对电动车轮毅电机进行独立控制,使各电机的控制达到驱动电动车正常行驶的目的。方案设计与实施过程中,在QUartosll环境下对各环节及系统总体进行了仿真和验证。最后,通过对控制器的调试和实验,验证了以FPGA为控制核心的四驱电动车电机驱动控制系统的可靠性,实现了轮毅电机的平稳启动,良好的速度调节性能,达到电动车正常行驶的性能指标。关键词:电动汽车,无刷直流电机,FPGA,PID控制AbstractThe car
4、industry is one of the most important symbol of modern industrial civilization,entering the 21st century,with the strengthening awareness of environmental protection and the expanding energy crisis,people have no choice but to reconsider the current status and future of the automobile industry. Elec
5、tric cars have advantages including energy-saving,zero-exhausting and low noise etc,it is the real green traffic tools. BLDCM is the best choice in the driving system of electric cars. This thesis takes the electric control 4wd driving system as the main research object,Using the FPGA as core contro
6、ller to do the interrelated analysis and research.Firstly this thesis carry on research in the present situation and development trend of electric cars and its driving system control methods at home and abroad. Find out The control method of BLDCM and development of its controller.Secondly,this thes
7、is analyze the technology of driving system of the electric cars and use the FPGA as the core controller according to the characteristics of driving contro1 system and the request in improving the integration. As a digital device,FPGA usually use in controlling digital motor,with a certain degree of
8、 digital transformation of the system it could be used to control BLDCM. The FPGA adopt unique parallel computing circuit,could using to control multiple objects independently and its performance is not affected,avoiding the complex timing problems in design,improving the system integration and the
9、anti-interference ability.Using Altera FPGA as core controller to design the driving control system in electric cars .The system includes controlling and driving parts. Controlling part is mainly composed of FPGA and A/D converting modules .Driving circuit includes power converting circuits and isol
10、ation circuit. Choose of PID control as the main algorithm for four wheels motor independent controlling,doing simulations under Quartus environment.Finally,through the commissioning and experiment to realize the reliability of whole system,and the good performance in speed adjustment.Key words: Ele
11、ctric cars,BLDCM,FPGA,PID control algorithm目录第l章绪论. 1.1选题背景及意义.11.2电动汽车发展与国内外现状.21.3无刷直流电机控制器的发展.31.4FPGA基本结构及技术.41.4.1FPGA的基本结构及特点.51.4.2FPGA在无刷直流电机控制中的应用.61.5课题主要研究内容.6第2章无刷直流电机的基本原理及控制系统分析.82.1无刷直流电机控制系统的基本构成.82.2无刷直流电机的控制原理.102.3无刷直流电机的数学模型.122.4PWM调制方式分析与研究.142.4.1PWM调制方式分类.巧2.4.2PWM调制方式对电枢电流影响.巧2.5PID控制策略研究.162.5.1PID控制原理.162.5.2PID控制参数整定.182.6本章小结.19第3章电动车电机驱动控制系统硬件组成及设计.203.1基于FPGA的电动车电机驱动控制系统硬件组成.203.2控制电路模块组成与设计.