精选优质文档-----倾情为你奉上Dr.Tony Wagner: Your Highness,Excellencies, friends and colleagues,Asoloma mayhem!Bonjour!Buenos días!Good morning!As Jim suggested,when we affirm creativity to be at the heart of educationwe immediately encounter resistances,we immediately encounter popular misconceptions.Two in particular.Number one: the belief that somehow creativityis just given to a few people.There are only a few peoplewho are born with creative gifts and talents.The rest of us just bumble on.The second, but before we go to the second misperception,let me deal with that one,because that's a quick and easy one, isn't it.Anyone who works with childrenor who's studied child development knowsthat we're all born curious, creative, imaginative.That is the human DNA.We learn by exploring the world,We learn and understand by inventing,as Gene Piarge said.The average four year old asks 100 questions a day.Most kindergarteners think of themselves as artists.But by the time children have become, say, 12 years old,they've come to understand that it's much more importantto give the right answers, than to ask good questions.They've come to understand they are not in school to create,but rather to absorb knowledge.The second misperception is that creativity is somehow a frill,an extracurricular activity,something that's kind of nice to have but not essential.Now, to confront that view,we must deeply understand fundamental changesthat have taken place in our worldin the last few years with surprising speed.For most of human history,the people who had the greatest respect in our communities,in our companies, in our countries,were those who had acquired the greatest knowledge.Throughout human history,we have revered people who have acquiredmore knowledge than the rest of us.And our degrees from our schools and universitiescertify the acquisition of more knowledgethan other people may have.That competitive advantage is disappearing very rapidly.Why?Today knowledge has become a commodity, it's free,it's like air, it's like water.It's on every Internet-connected device.What that meansis the world simply no longer cares how much you know.No competitive advantage.Because the person next to you can goand figure it out and learn it just in time.Rather what the world cares about, what matters most,is not what you know,but what you can do with what you know.And that's a brand new and very different education problem.Because now it's not enough to have content knowledge,sure that's important, necessary, but not sufficient.So what that meansis that increasingly around the worldI'm encountering people who don't trust these credentialsthat schools and colleges give outcertifying that you have served a certain amount of seat timeand acquired a certain amount of knowledge.A couple of examples:You know at Google, a famous company,it used to be that they only hired people from name-brand collegeswith the highest test scores and grades.And you couldn't even get an interview at Googleunless you'd gone to certain universities.Well they hired a guy by the name of Laszlo Bockwho ran the data, and discovered thatthese diplomas were quite worthless.His words.Google has totally revamped their hiring process.They no longer ask for your college transcript,in fact 15% of their new hires don't have a college degree at all.What are they looking for?People who know how to tackle complex analytical problems.And that's what they ask for in structured interviews.They want to know your experience.They want to know what you can do, not what you know.I thought Google is maybe a one off,crazy, Silicon Valley company,but I was in Ho Chi Minh City last winter,at an event sponsored by Deloitte,the accounting and consulting company.I was talking to the CEO over lunch.She didn't know anything about Google,but she said, "you know, we no longer hire our best studentsfrom our best universities anymore.They don't work out so well", she told me."Instead we look for good studentsand we put them through a kind of summer campin order to understand how they work together to solve problems."Talking to a CEO of a start-up recently.She said, "you know, I have the worst time hiring people",and she's in Boston.She interviews kids from MIT and Harvardand places like that.And she said, "I just want somebody who can go inand figure it out".Heck of a job description. Just go figure it out.She can't find students who can do that.What the world wants, in a word, are people who can innovate.And more knowledgedoes not necessarily mean greater capabilities for innovation.So what I've been trying to do for the last few yearsis really understand what must we do differentlyto develop capabilities for innovation.Now there are two kinds of innovators, I've learned.One i。