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1、2022年考博英语-西南大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题With the rapid globalization of science itself (more than 40 percent of scientific Ph.D. students trained in the United States are now foreign nationals, roughly half of whom return to their countries of origin), the once undisputed U.S. scientific lead, whether
2、relevant to product lead or not, is diminishing.The competition of foreign students for positions in U.S. graduate schools has also contributed to making scientific training relatively unattractive to U.S. students, because the rapidly increasing supply of students has diminished the relative reward
3、s of this career path. For the best and brightest from low-income countries, a position as a research assistant in the United States is attractive, whereas the best and brightest U.S. students might now see better options in other fields. Science and engineering careers, to the extent that they are
4、opening up to foreign competition (whether imported or available through better communication), also seem to be becoming relatively less attractive to U.S. students.With respect to the role of universities in the innovation process, the” speculative boom of the 1990s (which, among other things, made
5、 it possible to convert scientific findings into cash rather quickly) was largely unexpected. The boom brought universities and their faculties into much closer contact with private markets as they tried to gain as much of the economic dividends from their discoveries as possible. For a while, the p
6、ath between discoveries in basic science and new flows of hard cash was considerably shortened. But during the next few decades, this path likely will revert toward its more traditional length and reestablish, in a healthy way, the more traditional (and more independent) relationship between the bas
7、ic research done at universities and those entities that translate ideas into products and services.In the intervening years, another new force also greatly facilitated globalization: the rapid growth of the Internet and cheap wide-bandwidth international communication. Today, complex design activit
8、ies can take place in locations quite removed from manufacturing, other business functions, and the consumer. Indeed, there is now ample opportunity for real-time communication between business functions that are quite independent of their specific locations. For example, software development, with
9、all its changes and complications, can to a considerable extent be done overseas for a U.S. customer. Foreign call centers can respond instantly to questions from thousands of miles away. The result is that low-wage workers in the Far East and in some other countries are coming into ever more direct
10、 competition with a much wider spectrum of U.S. labor: unskilled in the case of call centers; more highly skilled in the case of programmers.1.The rapid globalization of science（ ）.2.According to this text （ ）.3.It can be inferred from the text that（ ）.4.All of the following might have contributed t
11、o globalization except（ ）.5.This text is mainly about（ ）.问题1选项A.has led to the rapid growth of the InternetB.has diminished the relative rewards of science and engineering careersC.has resulted in the fierce competition of scientific training in the USD.has contributed to the diminish of U.S. scient
12、ific leadership问题2选项A.the careers unattractive to U.S. students may not be so to foreign studentsB.science and engineering careers are unattractive exclusively to U.S. studentsC.U.S. students are not courageous enough to face foreign competitionD.U.S. students are not well prepared to compete with f
13、oreign students问题3选项A.scientists rarely expect to make money from their discoveries in basic scienceB.it will be much easier to convert scientific findings into cash in the near futureC.the boom of the 1990s could be considered somewhat unhealthyD.the boom of the 1990s will last at least for several
14、 decades问题4选项A.the unprecedented development of InternetB.the closer contact of universities with private marketsC.real-time communication between business functionsD.the prevalence of wide-band width international communication问题5选项A.the scientific leadership of the U.SB.the shortage of scientists
15、in the U. SC.The rapid globalization of scienceD.Better communication and globalization【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.文章第一段提到美国40%的博士生都是来自其他国家，而这些学生在美国接受完教育后选择回到自己的祖国，因此，随着科学本身的国际化，美国在科学界领域的地位正在下降（is diminishing）。选项D符合题意。2.文章第二段提到了美国本国的学生与国外留学生对工作选择的期望不同：那些来自于低收入国家的学生会对一个研究助理的职位趋之若鹜，而本国的学生却对此不感兴
16、趣，他们有更好的选择(see better options in other fields)。选项A “对于美国本国学生没有吸引力的工作，对外国学生却有着吸引力”符合题意。3.文章第三段前半部分提到90年代的投机性高涨（speculative boom），这种高涨导致学校里的老师只想尽可能多的去获得更多的经济利益 (the boom brought universities and their faculties into much closer contact with private markets as they tried to gain as much of the economic dividends from their
