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1、Greek Culture希腊罗马第一章1. The richness of European Culture was created by Greco-Romanelement and Judeo-Christian element. 2. The Trojan War was fought by The Greeks and The Trojans. 3. The two most famous polises城邦 in Ancient Greece are Sparta and Athens.斯巴达和雅典。Sparta ：battles,war machine.武力统治； Athens：
2、democracy民主，市民社会4. Alexander亚历山大统治之前希腊从没有是一个完整的国家。5. The 5th century B.C. closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta in Greece.5. The Homers epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey. Drama6. Greek Drama performed in open-air theatres.actors wear masks面具.chorus合唱7. The tragedian of Ancient Greece: S
3、ophocles Euripides Aeschylus8. Aeschylus埃斯库罗斯-“the father of tragedy注意和下面喜剧之父对比”,he wrote play Prometheus Bound.9. Sophocless work is Oedipus the King . 奥狄浦斯王 the Oedipus Complex.恋母情结10. Aristophanes阿里斯托芬 -“the father of comedy”History11. Herodotus -“Father of History”,recording the origin and proce
4、ss of the Greco-Persian Wars.12. Thucydides-“the father of scientific history”Work-History of the Peloponnesian War.Philosophy and Science13. Pythagoras毕达哥拉斯-the founder of scientific mathematics.解析几何创始者“Everything is made of numbers.”勾股定理他创的。14. Heraclitus赫拉克利特-“The only thing that does not change,
5、 is change itself.”唯物主义。You cannot step twice into the same river. Fire 是宇宙之源15. Democritus德谟克利特-atoms: “indivisible units”原子论16. Euclid-欧几里得-“father of geometry” Elements。Deduction 归纳演绎17. Archimedes阿基米德。The principle of the lever杠杆原理。Give me a place to stand,and I will move the world.给我一个支点，我将翘起一个
6、地球。 Principle of buoyancy浮力18. Socrates-asking and answering questions .问答来解决问题，诘问法 the dialectical method of inquiry. Dialogues对话录。19. Plato established the school Academy and his student Aristotle founded Lyceum学会.亚里士多德在柏拉图的Academy里学习多年。 Platos Work-Republic.理想国 According to Aristotle, mans aim in
7、 life is happiness.20. 简答会考为什么柏拉图是理想主义吗？在练习册第八页。21. 苏格拉底是柏拉图的老师，柏拉图是亚里士多德的老师。22. The ways that Aristotle is different from his teacher Plato!AristotlePlatoEmphasis on direct observation of nature; insisted that theory should follow fact.对事物直接观察，尊重事实Reliance on subjunctive thinking主观思考Form (idea) and
8、 matter together made up concrete individual realities.形而下学Ideas had a higher reality than the physical world形而上学Pottery瓷器black-figure style:black figures on red background red-figure style:red figures on black background Greek impact: spirit of innovation, supreme achievement, lasting effect.Roman
9、CultureRoman history21. The Origin of Rome:Virgil -Aeneid She-wolf22. The year 27 B.C,The republic was changed into the Roman Empire.23. A Brief History of the Roman Empire（罗马帝国之前是共和国republic时期）:Pax Romana 罗马和平Augustus统治时期 Civil Wars24. The Eastern Roman Empire, however, continued to exist for about
10、 1000 years, until it was finally destroyed by the Ottoman Turks in 1453.25. Many modern civil law systems in Europe are heavily influenced by Roman law. 罗马法罗马法和pax romana罗马和平是罗马人对欧洲文化的贡献Latin Literature28. Cicero西塞罗,he is a orator雄辩家，演讲家.Ciceronian:powerful and eloquent雄辩的 style.29. Augustus empero
11、r 30. Julius Caesar became dictator 独裁者 “I came, I saw, I conquered”31. Architecture was built during the Roman period: the Pantheon帕特农神殿 the Colosseum 斗兽场 Pont du Gard 啥子输水道32. Although Roman sculpture initially copied much from Greek sculpture，more emphasized the individual.33. Roman Culture V.S.
12、Greek culture!13页练习册CommonDifference1.Idea of the citizen-assembly2. hostile to monarchy敌对君主统治3.Religion神明的名字、神话的融合4.languagesGreekRomanVast empireOrganizational powerOlder and richer artistic and intellectual inheritance智力遗产34, Virgil 写了 Aeneid.第二部分：基督教1.The first five books of the Old Testament ca
13、lled Pentateuch.摩西五书： Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy Among all the religions by which people seek to worship,Christianity is by far the most influential in the West. 2. It was the Jewish tradition which gave birth to Christianity.3. Both Judaism and Christianity originated in Pales
14、tine.巴勒斯坦.34是犹太教和基督教的联系。犹太教和基督教的不同：a.Judaism recognizes only the Old Testament; Christianity recognizes both the Old and the New Testament. b. Judaism:三位一体： the father, the son ,the holy spirit. 而基督教是三者综合一起Unity. C. Judaists 要求circumcision割礼，基督教徒不要求； d. Judaism只接受Jews犹太人作为信徒，基督教接收任何相信他的人accept anyon
15、e who is willing to believe.4. The Old Testament was originally written in Hebrew.希伯来The ancestors of the Jews were the Hebrews,it means “wanderers”.5. The Hebrews major contribution to world civilization was Judaism.6. The legends and history of the early Hebrews:the creation of the world and human beingsthe fall of man：Adam and Eve 亚当和夏娃。Eden伊甸园Noahs Ark诺亚方舟Abrahams covenant 契约with God。上帝让Abraham只信仰他，就封给他一个土地，就是Palestine。当时叫做Canaan迦南Exodus led by Moses .Moses这个人是Hebrew的领导者，见了埃及法老，说耶和华想让希伯来人离开印度，于是导致大批离去Exodus.The Ten Commandments 十诫 Return to Cana
