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1、动词的时态和语态一。动词的分类及形式:(一)根据用法: 实义动词:及物动词: 后必须直接加宾语; 不及物动词:不能直接加宾语。 系动词:后加表语。 助动词:基本助动词:用来构成时态和语态,本身无具体意义。 情态助动词:本身有词汇意义,后加动词原形。(除ought to)(一) 根据语法作用:谓语动词和非谓语动词。1. 谓语动词:在句中作谓语,形式上要与句中主语在_,_ 和_上保持一致。He wants to buy a new bicycle.2. 非谓语动词:_,_,_,_.不能单独作谓语,作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语。He wants to buy a new bicycle.Im
2、 sorry for having to bother you.(三) 动词的五种基本形式:动词原形单数第三人称过去式过去分词现在分词workputdo二动词的时态:动词时态是一种动词形式。英语的时态有:现在、过去、将来、过去将来。从方式上看,英语时态又有:一般、进行、完成、完成进行。共有16种时态。以work为例。现在过去将来过去将来一般进行完成完成进行(一) 一般现在时:1. 表习惯性,反复出现的动作。我通常9点睡觉。_.常用的时间状语:always, often, sometimes, every day, noe and then.2. 表主语的特征、性格或感觉、状态:全世界男女老少都
3、喜爱运动:_.3. 表客观事实或普遍真理。 中国位于亚洲东部。_. 光比声音传的快。_.4. 表按规定预计要发生的未来动作,只限于 go, come, leave,start, stay, return, begin 等动词。二月五号开学。_.飞机15点零5 起飞。_.会议明天上午9点开始。_.5. 在when, before, until, if, as soon as 引导表将来行为的状语从句中,常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。如果明天天晴,我们就去游览长城。_.当你碰见他时,叫他到我家来。_.他一到,你就给我打电话。_.(二)一般过去时:1.过去某一点时间发生的动作或状态:刚才你在哪?_.
4、他进来时我看见他了。_.2.过去某一段时间里反复出现的动作或状态。During his middle school years, he _ football nearly every day.3. 表主语过去的特征或性格。 那时她英语说的很好。_.4. 有些情况,发生时间没清楚表明,但实际上是过去发生的,应用过去时态。我没想到你这么忙。_.我没想到在这儿碰到你。_.5. 一般过去时可与today, this week, this month 等连用:我今天见到他了。_.这星期她迟到了3次。_.(三)一般将来时:1. be going to + 动词原形,表明确打算或确信会发生。1)表现在打算或
5、计划将来要做的事。I _ _ _ _ to Henry this evening.They _ _ _ _a meeting to discuss it.2) 表根据某种迹象认为在最近或将要发生的事。天看上去要下雨。_.这根绳子马上就要断了。_.2.be to + 动词原形,表安排好要发生或命令做什么。1) 表预先安排好的计划或约定。星期六晚上将有一场音乐会。_.展览会将在一周后开幕。_.2) 表说话人的意志,意图,职责,义务,命令。We are to take care of all these children.No one is to leave the room without per
6、mission.3)表注定要发生的事。 他的计划是注定要失败的。_.3. be about to + 动词原形, 表“正要干某事,即将要做某事”会议就要开始。_.注意:be about to do 不可和具体的将来时间状语连用;常和as 和when 引导的时间状语从句连用。They are about to leave this afternoon.( )& They are about to leave.( )She _ _ _ go to the cinema _ I came.As I came, she was about to go to the cinema.(一) 过去将来时:1
7、. 构成: would/ should+ 动词原形。( should 用于第一人称)2. 用法:1)He said he would go to the north for the holiday. I told her I should ( would) return the book in afew days.2) was/ were going to + 动词原形:过去曾打算或计划要做某事She said she was going to to buy a new bike.3) was/ were + 动词不定式: 表过去计划或安排将要做某事。 He said he was to fi
8、nish the work in a week.4) was/ were + about + 动词不定式:表即将要发生的事。The bus was about to start. I was about to go out when the telephone rang.(二) 现在进行时: am, is ,are + 现在分词1. 说话时正在进行的动作:我们正在上英语课。_.2. 现阶段正在进行的动作:他正在翻译一本书。_.3. go, come, leave, arrive, return, begin, do, die, lose 用进行时表预计即将发生的动作。我舅舅就要从国外回来了。_
9、.火车就要到了。_.4. 表反复发生的动作,与 always, forever, constantly, all the time 连用,常表不满 抱怨赞赏。She is always finding fault with others. John is always thinking of others.注意:表“感情,感觉,存在,从属,思维”等动词,常不用于被动态。表感官: see, hear, smell, feel, look, seem表感情: hate, love, like, want, wish表存在状态: be, exist, stay, remain表占有与从属: have
10、, possess, belong, consist(三) 过去进行时:This time yesterday, they were having lunch.He was coughing the whole night.(四) 现在完成时:have/has +动词原形。表某一完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。China has already made great progress in science and technology.从中学起,我们就是好朋友。_.(八)现在完成进行时: have/ has been + doing,表从过去某时开始一直进行到现在,可能刚刚停止,也可能还在继
11、续进行。他毕业后一直在教英语。_.现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别:完成时表 动作完成,着重结果。完成进行时 表动作完成,但强调动作的持续性。I have watered the flowers. I have been watering the flowers.(九) 过去完成时: had + 过去分词。表过去的过去。 She _ _ 2000 English words by the end of last month.The train _ already _ when I _ to the station.He asked who _ _ the window.I found the pen which I _ _. Mean, hope, intend want, think 的过去完成时可表示一个本打算做而没做的事。我本想来,但下雨了。_.我本希望再见他一面。_.(十) 过去完成进行时: had been + doing.表动作从过去某一时间开始,到过去某一时间仍在进行或刚刚结束。