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1、如何写好段落。首先一个段落必须有一个中心即主题思想该中心由主题句特别是其中的题旨来表达。整个段落必须紧扣这个主题(stick or hold to the topic)这就是段落的统一性(unity)。其次一个段落必须有若干推展句使主题思想得到充分展开从而给读者一个完整的感觉这就是完整性(completeness or adequateness) 。再者一个段落不是杂乱无章的而是有机的组合 句子的排列顺序必须合乎逻辑从一个句子到另一个句子的过渡必须流畅(smooth)这就是连贯性(coherence)。下面我们就对这三个标准分别加以说明。1 .统一性一个段落内的各个句子必须从属于一个中心任何游
2、离于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。请看下例Joe and I decided to take the long trip wed always wanted across the country. We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life. Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie. We started out in early spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the
3、 northern part of the country. We both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park. Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner. To our surprise, we found that we liked the warm southern regions very much, and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico.本段的主题句是段首句 controlling idea中心思想是take the lo
4、ngtrip across the country 。 文中出现两个 irrelevant sentences 一个是 Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie这一段是讲的是 Joe and I 中间出现一个 Bella 是不合适的。还有 Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner这一句更是与主题句不相关。考生在四级统考的作文卷上常常因为造出 irrelevant sentences不相关语句而丢分值得引起注意。再看一个例子My name is Roseanna, and I like to keep physically
5、 fit. I used to weigh two hundred pounds, but I joined the YMCA for an exercise class and diet program. In one year I lost eighty pounds. I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame again. I bought two new suitcases last week. Everyday I practice jogging three mi
6、les, swimming fifteen laps, lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour. My mother was a premature baby.本段的 controlling idea 是 like to deep physically fit但段中有两个irrelevant sentences 一个是 I bought two new suitcases last week另一个是 My mother was a premature baby 。从上面两个例子可以看出native speaker
7、s 同样会造出来irrelevantsentences。卷面上如果这种句子多了造成偏题或离题那问题就更严重了。2 完整性正象我们前面说得那样一个段落的主题思想靠推展句来实现如果只有主题句而没有推展句来进一步交待和充实就不能构成一个完整的段落。同样虽然有推展句但主题思想没有得到相对圆满的交待给读者一种意犹未尽的感觉。这样的段落也不能完成其交际功能。例如Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil.Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task. Besi
8、des, it is more useful to work you produce something rather than more anxiety or depression.本段的主题句是段首句。本段的两个推展句均不能回答主题句中提出的问题。什么是 a mind in turmoil心境不平静Physical work 又如何能改变这种情况为什么它能起therapy的作用读者得不到明确的答案。由于四级统考的作文部分只要求写一篇100120个词的三段式短文 每一段只有大约40个词左右 因此要达到完整就必须尽可能地简明。例如It is not always true that a goo
9、d picture is worth a thousand words.Often writing is much clearer than a picture. It is sometimes difficult to figure out what a picture means, but a careful writer can almost always explain it.段首句所表达的主题思想是一种看法必须有具体事例加以验证。上述两个推展句只是在文字上对主题作些解释整个段落内容空洞简而不明。如果用一两个具体的例子的话就可以把主题解释清楚了。比如下段It is not always
10、 true that a picture is worth a thousand words.Sometimes, pictures are pretty useless things. If you cant swim and fall in the river and start gulping water, will you be better off to hold up a picture of yourself drowning, or start screaming Help?3连贯性(coherence) 连贯性包括意连和形连两个方面前者指的是内在的逻辑性后者指的是使用转换词语
11、。当然这两者常常是不可分割的。只有形连而没有意连句子之间就没有内在的有机的联系反之只有意连而没有形连 有时行文就不够流畅。1 意连段落中句子的排列应遵循一定的次序不能想到什么就写什么。如果在下笔之前没有构思边写边想写写停停那就写不出一气呵成的好文章来。下面介绍几种常见的排列方式。A按时间先后排列(chronological arrangement)例如We had a number of close calls that day. When we rose, it was obviously late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfas
12、t; we knew the dining room staff was strict about closing at nine oclock. Then, when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours -it must have been close to noon the heat nearly hid us in; the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down. By the time w
13、e reached the mountain, it was four oclock and we were exhausted. Here, judgement ran out of us and we started the tough climb to the summit, not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert. Sure enough, by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep cliff, dragging Moham
14、med and me along with him. By nine, when the wind howled across the flat ledge of the summit, we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day.本段从 rose 起床 写起然后是吃早餐(not to miss breakfastclosing at nine oclock) 然后是 close to noon一直写至 U这一天结束( By nine-)。B.按位置远近排列(spatial arra
15、ngement) 。 例如From a distance, it looked like a skinny tube, but as we got closer, we could see it flesh out before our eyes. It was tubular, all right, but fatter than we could see from far away. Furthermore, we were also astonished to notice that the building was really in two parts: a pagoda sitti
16、ng on top of a tubular one-story structure. Standing ten feet away, we could marvel at how much of the pagoda was made up of glass windows. Almost everything under the wonderful Chinese roof was made of glass, unlike the tube that it was sitting on, which only had four. Inside, the tube was gloomy, because of the l
