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1、非谓语动词知识点梳理一. 非谓语动词概念：在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词，它不受人称和数的限制。二. 非谓语动词使用条件一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（谓语），又没有连词的情况下，还有其他的动词出现时。eg. The national park has a large collection of wildlife, and_ (ranges) from butterflies to elephants. The national park has a large collection of wildlife, _ (ranges) from butterflies t
2、o elephants. (2017 北京)三. 非谓语动词句法成分成分 形式to doV-ingV-ed主语宾语表语定语状语补语形式主动被动否定to do一般式完成式进行式V-ing一般式完成式V-ed1. 作主语（1）动词不定式：常位于句首；一般可用 it 作形式主语，而将作主语的动词不定式置于句末，eg. It is good to help each other.（2）V-ing 形式： Seeing is believing. 注意：V-ing作主语和宾语，常被叫作动名词。单一的V-ing和动词不定式作主语，句子的谓语动词常用单数。it作形式主语，真正的主语是V-ing和动词不定式，
3、常见于下列句式中： It is +adj. +of/for sb to do sth. It is no use/good doing sth.It is worth doing sth.2. 作宾语（1）动词不定式常见的接动词不定式作宾语的动词: decide, determine, wish, refuse, plan, desire, pretend, intend等。eg. She wishes to be a musician. 作某些形容词的宾语：glad, sorry, afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious, r
4、eady, sure 等，eg. I am determined to give up smoking.tell, show, understand, know, explain等词常接“疑问词+动词不定式”作宾语。eg. Can you tell me what to do next? （2）V-ing 形式常见的接V-ing 形式作宾语的动词有：admit, appreciate, risk, resist, consider等。eg. She likes drawing very much.作某些短语动词的宾语。eg. Mary is thinking of going back to
5、New York. do+限定词（my, some, any, the 等）+ V-ing，表示“做事”之意。eg. We often do our cleaning on Saturday afternoon.作介词的宾语。eg. Her sister is good at learning physics.3. 作表语（1）动词不定式不定式作表语可以表示主语的具体内容、目的等。从时态的角度看，一般多是将要发生的。eg. His dream is to be a lawyer.（2）V-ing &V-ed现在分词作表语和过去分词作表语基本都是已经形容词化的，V-ing形式或V-ed形式。现在
6、分词通常表示主语主动发出的动作说明主语具有何等性质，通常译为“使人的;令人的”;而V-ed作表语通常表示主语是动作的承受者，译为“感到的”。作表语的过去分词与被动语态中的过去分词的区别。这两种不同语法功能的句子在形式上是样的，都是由“系动词be+过去分词”构成的，有时容易混淆，区别如下：被动语态表示主语的动作。而作表语的分词表示主语所处的状态。The window was broken by Tom.(被动语态，表示动作) 这扇窗户是Tom打碎的。The window is broken.(系表结构，表示主语the window所处的状态broken) 这扇窗户碎了。4. 作定语（1）动词不定
7、式被修饰的词为decision, ability, time, place, determination, chance, opportunity等抽象名词时一般用不定式做定语。eg. The time to fight back has come.序数词、最高级以及the only, the last, the right等或由这类词修饰的名词后面。eg. He has become the first to go abroad in our town.不定式做定语表示该动作尚未发生。 The airport to be completed next year will help promo
8、te tourism in this area.如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词，后面通常要加上适当的介词。 eg. He wanted to find a house to live in.（2）V-ing &V-ed分词作定语时，如果这个分词是一个单词，就位于其修饰的名词之前，如果是分词短语，就位于其修饰的名词之后。当被修饰的名词和非谓语动词为主动关系且表示正在进行时，用V-ing；当被修饰的名词和非谓语动词为被动关系且表示已经完成时，用V-ed。 the sleeping bag （动名词）表达用途和功能The sleeping child is only five years old.
9、表达动作正在进行The stolen car was found by the police last week. 5. 作状语（1）动词不定式 做目的状语，可以位于句首或者句尾，有时为了突出和强调，也可在不定式前加上in order或so as。 eg. She reads China Daily every day in order to (so as to) improve her English.结果状语 only to，表示意外的或事与愿违的结果；还可用于such/so as to（如此以至于）, enough to（足够能）, tooto（太以至于不能）等结构中。eg. She r
10、eturned only to find that no one was at home. 原因状语，一般修饰表示心理活动或情绪的词（happy, glad, anxious, proud, disappointed, angry等），说明产生这种情绪的原因。eg. She burst into laughter to see his funny action.一些常见结构用来表明说话者的观点和态度：to be honest（说实话）, to be frank（坦白说）, to be exact（确切地说）等。eg. To be honest, I dont like pop music.（2
11、）V-ing &V-ed分词作状语，可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。为了强调，还可以while, when, once, if, useless等词连用。现在分词表示动作是主动和进行，过去分词表示动作是被动和完成。eg. While walking the dog, you were careless and it got loose and was hit by a car. (时间) Separated from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and anima
12、ls not found in other country in the world. (原因)Generally speaking, if taken according to the directions，the drug has no side effect.(条件) He glanced at her，noticing that though she was tiny，she seemed very well.(结果) Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake.(让步) The teacher cam
13、e into the lab, followed by some students.(伴随) 6. 作补足语（1）动词不定式不定式可以作宾语补足语，有些动词后用不带to的不定式，有些动词后用带to的不定式，还有的带不带to都可以。句子由主动语态变为被动语态，宾语补足语相应变为主语补足语。能接带to的不定式作宾语补足语和主语补足语的动词有:ask, advise, tell, force, get， allow, want, wish, like, hate, prefer, intend, expect, encourage, persuade, permit, request, order,
14、 warn, cause, consider, prove, think, know, feel, suppose, discover, imagine, find表示宾语或主语执行不定式的动作(具有“主动”的意义)，而且不定式的动作多发生在句子的谓语动作之后(具有“将来”的意义)。eg. The teacher encouraged us to write an article every week.The doctor warned him not to eat too much meat.使役动词，感官动词能接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，常见的使役动词有make, let, have等
15、; 感官动词有see, hear, watch, observe, notice, feel以及look at, listen to等。eg. I saw him go into the room just now.These pictures made me think of my childhood. （2）V-ing &V-edV-ing形式作宾语补足语时，句中的宾语往往是其逻辑主语，该动词与宾语之间存在主谓关系。V-ing形式作宾语补足语强调正在进行的主动的动作。可以带有这种复合宾语的有see, watch, hear, observe, feel, find, have, keep等。eg. Listen! Do you hear someone calling for help?V-ed形式做宾补时，句中的宾语往往就是其逻辑宾语，该动词与宾语之间存在着动宾关系。eg. He is a humorous man and he always keeps us amused
