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1、第 3 章词语的翻译词语的翻译编汉英翻译教程3.1词语指称意义与蕴涵意义的确定词语指称意义与蕴涵意义的确定3.1.1 指称意义与蕴涵意义的理解与表达指称意义与蕴涵意义的理解与表达指称意义是词的确切和字面的意义,原语的指称意义多数能在译语中得到基本对等的表达. 例如汉语中的月亮和英语中的moon都反映 了相同的客观事物,其指称意义完全对等.两种语言的可译性正是由指称意义的基本对等决定的编汉英翻译教程词语的指称意义往往具有多重性词语的指称意义往往具有多重性,即一个词语具有几即一个词语具有几种不同的指称意义种不同的指称意义.例如:“包袱”一词既可以指用布包起来起来的包儿,又可以指相声等曲艺节目中的笑
2、料.词语的搭配关系词语的搭配关系-辨析词语多重义项的依据辨析词语多重义项的依据,也是翻也是翻译中理解词义的重要手段。译中理解词义的重要手段。例如:英军胜利地登上了小岛. a. The British army climbed onto the island successfully. b. The British army landed on the island successfully. “登”一词既有“爬,攀登”之意,又可理解为“登陆”从本句的上下文看,登这一动作的施动者是军队,对象是小岛而非高山,“登上”意为登陆上岸,应译作land on,而非climb onto编汉英翻译教程例如:他
3、是是我父亲He is my father.这姑娘是是漂亮 This girl is really beautiful.此人是是书就读 This man reads every book he can reach.是是可忍,孰不可忍? If this can be tolerated, what can not?是是古非今 praise the past to condemn the present编汉英翻译教程例如:知之为知之,不知为不知,是知也When you know a thing, to hold that you know it, and when you do not know a
4、 thing, to allow that you do not know itthis is knowledge. (James Legge译)前四个前四个“知知”为为“知道知道”的意思,最后一个为的意思,最后一个为 “学识修养学识修养”例如:他对事情的进展情况也还满意He is quite satisfied with the way things went.“也也”在句中是表示程度的副词,不可做在句中是表示程度的副词,不可做“同样同样”解,不应译解,不应译为为also或或as well. 编汉英翻译教程3.1.2 蕴涵意义的理解与表达蕴涵意义的理解与表达 蕴涵意义指词语内含的情感与联想意
5、义,是词语蕴涵意义指词语内含的情感与联想意义,是词语的隐含意义,反映特有的思维方式和社会文化。的隐含意义,反映特有的思维方式和社会文化。同一词语的蕴涵意义是不同的。同一词语的蕴涵意义是不同的。例如:月亮与月球的指称意义相同,但月亮在汉语语言文例如:月亮与月球的指称意义相同,但月亮在汉语语言文化中又被赋予了团圆化中又被赋予了团圆,爱情爱情,故乡等含义故乡等含义. moon与月亮指称意义相同与月亮指称意义相同,但对英美人士但对英美人士,月亮使他月亮使他们联想到反复无常的性格们联想到反复无常的性格,阴森的气氛阴森的气氛,甚至是在月圆之夜甚至是在月圆之夜现身的狼人现身的狼人.因此因此,译者应在深谙两种
6、语言和文化的基础上尽译者应在深谙两种语言和文化的基础上尽可能忠实地再现原文的蕴涵意义可能忠实地再现原文的蕴涵意义,真正做到达意传真正做到达意传神神.编汉英翻译教程词语的蕴涵意义主要体现在词语的修辞色彩词语的蕴涵意义主要体现在词语的修辞色彩,文体特征文体特征,文化内涵等方面文化内涵等方面.修辞色彩集中体现在汉语的国俗词语中修辞色彩集中体现在汉语的国俗词语中,如俗如俗语语,成语成语,歇后语等歇后语等. 翻译时翻译时, 应尽可能反映原文的应尽可能反映原文的独特的文化信息和审美价值独特的文化信息和审美价值.例如例如: a : 他是个他是个纸老虎纸老虎. He is a paper tiger. b :
7、 咱俩的事咱俩的事,一条绳拴着两只蚂蚱一条绳拴着两只蚂蚱谁也跑不了谁也跑不了! We are like two grasshoppers tied to one cord, neither can get away!编汉英翻译教程 c 只因生得妩媚风流只因生得妩媚风流,满学中都送了两个外号满学中都送了两个外号: 一个一个叫叫 “香怜香怜”, 一个叫一个叫 “玉爱玉爱”. But on account of their good looks and charm they were nicknamed Sweetie and Lovely. because of their glamorous l
8、ooks and effected manners, were universally know by the nickname of Darling and Precious.词语的蕴涵意义还体现为词语的文体特征,两个指称词语的蕴涵意义还体现为词语的文体特征,两个指称意义相同的词在文体上常有庄谐、雅俗之分意义相同的词在文体上常有庄谐、雅俗之分.例如例如: a : 红楼梦中称呼红楼梦中称呼 “某某夫人某某夫人” 和和 “某某家的某某家的”, 指指称意义相同称意义相同,文体特征却大有不同文体特征却大有不同. 所以所以 “夫人夫人” 应译应译为为 “Lady ”, 而而 “某某家的某某家的” 应译
9、为应译为 “s Wife”.编汉英翻译教程b : 克明克明: 觉新哪觉新哪,你听着你听着! Keming: Juexin, I want you to pay particular attention to this. Keming: Listen, Juexin.汉语中的颜色词,叠词,数词等词汇往往具有丰富的蕴涵意义.颜色词: 联想意义,象征意义,感情色彩(除指称意思外)例如: a: 客人一走进大门,扑鼻的是一阵幽香,入目的是绿蜡似的叶子和红霞或白雪似的花朵.编汉英翻译教程 As guests entered the gate, they would first smell a sweet
10、fragrance and then see the waxy green leaves and the rainbow red or snow-white flowers.b: 晚霞如同一片赤红的落叶坠到铺着黄尘黄尘的地上,斜阳之下的山冈变成了暗紫暗紫,好象是云海中的礁石. The evening glow there is like a patch of red leaves fallen on the ground covered with golden dust. Under the sloping sunrays the hills became dark brown, as if
11、they were rocks among a sea of clouds. (redscarlet=vivid red or reddish orange) 编汉英翻译教程叠词: 信息功能,表情功能,美感功能.例如: a: 水是怎样的开心呵,她将那可怜的失路的小红叶儿,推推挤挤推推挤挤地推到一个旋涡里,是他滴滴溜溜滴滴溜溜的打圆转儿;那叶向前不得,向后不得,急得几乎哭出来;水笑嘻嘻笑嘻嘻的将手一松,他才一溜烟的逃走了. How happy the water is! At first she pushes and elbows the pitiful misled maple leaf in
12、to a water whirl, make it rapidly swirl in circle. There the leave can neither move forward nor backward. Being too worried, it nearly bursts out crying. It is only when the water loses her grip grinningly that the little maple leaf gets swiftly away.编汉英翻译教程b : 最耐人寻味的是求日天宇的闲云. 那么淡淡然淡淡然, 悠悠然悠悠然, 悄悄 悄
13、悄远离尘间,对俗世悲欢扰攘,不再有动于衷. 它把一切的赞美与宠爱都隔离在澹澹澹澹的秋光外,而只愿做一个闲闲闲闲的,远远远远的,可望而不可及的,秋。 The thing which gives man most food for thought is the leisure in autumn clouds. As they drift away from the human world, they are so pale, so calm and silent, so indifferent to the worldly sadness and happy outcriesIt sets al
14、l the praise and love outside its own pale sense and is willing to be in peacefulness and quietness, which can neither be held nor possessedAutumn.编汉英翻译教程数词:指称意义,蕴涵意义例如:a: 三十六家花酒店,七十二座管弦楼。 the countless taverns and music halls. 它用竹子做骨架,金字屋顶上,覆盖着蓑衣或松树皮,临河四周临河四周也是松树皮编成的女墙,可凭栏品茗,八面来八面来风风,即便三伏天三伏天,这茶居也是
15、一片清凉的世界。 b: It is built with bamboo as the frame. its A-typed roof is covered with straw or pine bark and all the three sides near the river are parapet walls woven with the pine bark. Here you can sip tea with the pleasant breeze from all directions. Even in the hottest days of the year, the tea st
16、all is still a place for refreshment.编汉英翻译教程3.2 词语的翻译与语言语境3.2.1 根据语言语境确定原文词义搭配(collocation)指的是语言系统内各个语言成分的同现和组合,是语言语境重要组成部分.根据词语的搭配关系确定词义是在翻译的理解阶段辨析词义时经常采用的手段.词语与其所处的语言环境中其他语言成分的搭配关系能帮助我们辨析多义词的义项.编汉英翻译教程例如: a: “红包”一词,过年,婚庆,生日等场合所送的红包指的是 “礼金”, 应译做gift money; 单位在节假日发的红包指的是 “奖金”, 应译做bonus; 而行贿时所送的现金也称做红包, 这时应用bribe. b: 路上浮尘早已刮净,剩下一条洁白洁白的大道来,车夫也跑得更快.By now the loose dust had all been blown away, leaving the roadway clean, and the rickshaw man quickened his pace.编汉英翻译教程 c:据传说,五十年代中期,渠边那庄子有一个黄花闺女,为了抗拒