A man who does not plan long ahead will find trouble at his door” -Confucius61人无远虑必有近忧-孔子Part II 计划与决策计划与决策 Planning & Decision makingFoundations of planning 规划基础规划基础Planning tools and techniques 规划的方法规划的方法Managers as decision makers 决策决策Strategic management 战略战略72Eleventh editionEleventh editionSTEPHEN P. ROBBINSSTEPHEN P. ROBBINSMARY COULTERMARY COULTERSchool of Management, Shanghai UniversityFoundations of Planning规划规划/决策决策/计划工作计划工作ChapterChapter384Contents- Foundations of Planning1.The What and Why of PlanningThe What and Why of Planning2.Goals and PlansGoals and Plans3.Setting Goals and Developing PlansSetting Goals and Developing Plans4.Planning tools and techniquesPlanning tools and techniques1.The What and Why of Planning 什么是规划为何需要规划什么是规划为何需要规划851.1 What Is Planning?D Planning （计划工作，规划）（计划工作，规划）A primary managerial activity that involves:A primary managerial activity that involves:vDefining the organizations goalsvEstablishing an overall strategies for achieving those goalsvDeveloping plans for organizational work activities.计划工作是确定目标、制定实现这些目标的总计划工作是确定目标、制定实现这些目标的总体战略，以及制定组织的工作计划等活动体战略，以及制定组织的工作计划等活动。
Concerned with both ends and meansConcerned with both ends and means86Types of planningvvInformal: not written down, short-term focus; specific to an organizational unit.vvFormal: In formal planning, specific goals covering a period of years are defined. These goals are written, specific, shared with organizational members to reduce ambiguity and create a common understanding about what needs to be done. Specific action plans (how the goals will be reached.)vThe term planning in this book, we do mean formal planning87Essentials of planning 规划的基本要素规划的基本要素Robert Kreitner:Robert Kreitner: Planning is the process of coping with uncertainty by formulating future courses of action to achieve specified results.规划是为了应对规划是为了应对未来不确定性取得特定目标而采取行动的过程。
未来不确定性取得特定目标而采取行动的过程The essentials of planning include:Organization mission, 组织使命组织使命Types of planning, 规划类型规划类型Objectives (goals), 目标目标Priorities, 优先重点优先重点 Planning/control cycles 规划周期规划周期Strategy 战略战略88Mission the start point of setting goals the start point of setting goalsMission （使命）（使命）: va statement of the purpose of an organization- -the firmthe firm s reason for being s reason for being - -公司存在的意义- -Albaba89Well-written mission statement that does the following things:Defines your organization for key stakeholdersCreates an inspiring vision of what the organization can be and can doOutlines how the vision is to be accomplished (path )Establishes key prioritiesStates a common goal and fosters a sense of togethernessCreates philosophical anchor for all organizationa activitiesGenerates enthusiasm and a “can do” attidudeEmpowers present and future organization members to believe that every individual is the key to success810Well written mission statmentStrategyStrategiesStrategiesThe decisions and actions that determine the long-run performance of an organization. （Robbins, 9e)战略是决定一个组织的长期绩效的决策和行动。
战略是决定一个组织的长期绩效的决策和行动The plans for how the organization will do whatever its in business to do, how it will compete successfully, and how it will attract and satisfy its customers in order to achieve its goals. （Bobbins. 10-11e）战略是组织为了实现其目标的一些计划，包括从事何种业务，如何与战略是组织为了实现其目标的一些计划，包括从事何种业务，如何与其他组织竞争中获胜，如何吸引和满足顾客从而实现公司的目标其他组织竞争中获胜，如何吸引和满足顾客从而实现公司的目标811Goals (also Objectives，目标，目标)vDesired outcomes or targets. (for individuals, groups, or entire organizations)希望的结果希望的结果Provide direction and evaluation performance criteria812制定规划的基本内容之二制定规划的基本内容之二 5W1H813What- 做什么？目标、内容做什么？目标、内容Why (or/and For Whom)为何做？为何做？Who- 谁去做？谁去做？Where- 何地做？何地做？When- 何时做？何时做？How 如何做？如何做？1. 2 Why Do Managers PlanPurposes of Planning:Provides direction 提供目标方向提供目标方向Reduces uncertainty 减少不确定性减少不确定性Minimizes waste and redundancy 减少浪费减少浪费Sets the goals or standards used for controlling 制定控制标制定控制标准准P2058141.3 Planning and PerformanceThe Relationship Between Planning and PerformanceFormal planning is associated with: vHigher profits and returns on assets.vPositive financial results.The quality of planning and implementation affects performance more than the extent of planning.The external environment can reduce the impact of planning on performance.Formal planning must be used for several years (4 years in the textbook) before planning begins to affect performance.高质量规划提升绩效，环境会降低规划的绩效，规划长期才能见效。
高质量规划提升绩效，环境会降低规划的绩效，规划长期才能见效8152. Goals and Plans目标和计划目标和计划8162.1 Types of GoalsD Goals (also Objectives，目标，目标)vDesired outcomes or targets. (for individuals, groups, or entire organizations)Provide direction and evaluation performance criteria817Criteria for Objectives (goals) 目标的标准目标的标准Singular result 单个结果单个结果Specific 具体具体Measurable 可测量可测量Target date 截止日期截止日期Difficult but achievable 可现实性可现实性 Attainable， Achievable Acceptance and commitment 接受与承诺接受与承诺818目标管理的目标管理的SMART原则原则p Specific p Measurablep AttainableAchievablep RelevantRealistic Result 相关性（目标努力承诺）（目标努力承诺）p Time-based819讨论：两个目标讨论：两个目标足协副主席：足协副主席：中国足球中国足球2050年将年将达。