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1、TheConstructionoftheCoursew 1.AmericanCultureandSocietyw 2.AmericanLiteratureRootandFlowerw 3.TheLiteratureofColonialAmericaw 4.TheLiteratureofReasonandRevolutionw 5.TheLiteratureofRomanticismw 6.TheLiteratureofRealismw 7.Twentieth-CenturyLiteraturew 8.WomenWritersinAmericaw 9.JewishAmericanWritersw
2、 10.BlackLiteratureTheConstructionoftheCoursew 1.AmericanCultureandSocietyw 2.AmericanLiteratureRootandFlowerw 3.TheLiteratureofColonialAmericaw 4.TheLiteratureofReasonandRevolutionw 5.TheLiteratureofRomanticismw 6.TheLiteratureofRealismw 7.Twentieth-CenturyLiteraturew 8.WomenWritersinAmericaw 9.Jew
3、ishAmericanWritersw 10.BlackLiteratureContinuedw 11.SouthernLiteraturew 12.PostmodernFictionw 13.ModernDramaChapterOnew AmericanCultureandSocietyJamestown(1607)w JamestownwasfoundedonMay14,1607,byasmallgroupledbyCaptainChristopherNewport,whowashiredbytheLondonCompanytotransportcolonists.w ThePuritan
4、shadcometoNewEnglandforthesakeofreligiousfreedom,whileVirginiahadbeenplantedmainlyasacommercialventure.JohnSmithsLifew 1.InDecember1606,SmithandtherestofthecolonialexpeditionsetsailforAmerica.w 2.Smithwasoneofsevenmenchosentobeon thegoverningCouncilofVirginiabythe LondonCompany.w 3.InDecember1607Geo
5、rgeKendall,theleaderofthecouncilofJamestown,wasshotformutiny.Smithwaschosenpresidentofthecolonyin1608.w 4.SmithorganizedtradewiththeNativeAmericansandledexpeditionstoexploreandmaptheregionsurroundingJamestown.w 5.SmithwaspresidentoftheJamestowncolonyfrom1608to1609,whenhereturnedtoEnglandafterbeingba
6、dlyburnedinanaccident.w 6.In1614hereturnedtoAmericaandledanexpeditionthatexploredandmappedthecoastofNewEngland,whichhenamed.w Smithinsistedthatallthecolonistswork,declaring:“Hethatwillnotworkshallnoteat,exceptbysicknesshebedisabled.”HisWorksw SmithwasaprolificwriterandanardentsupporterofEnglishcolon
7、izationinAmerica.w 1.TheGenerallHistorieofVirginia,New-England,andtheSummerIsles(1624)w 2.TheTrueTravels,Adventures,andObservationsofCaptaineJohnSmith(1630)Continuedw 11.SouthernLiteraturew 12.PostmodernFictionw 13.ModernDramaChapterTwow AmericanLiteratureRootandFlowerIntroductionw Today,theinfluenc
8、eofAmericanliteraturehasnowspedallovertheworldsothatthesecondhalfofthetwentiethcenturyhasseenagrowingrapprochement.Continuedw Butwemustacknowledgethatourgreatestnineteenthcenturywritersandmuchofthenon-specialistwriterstodayhaveignoredessentialdifferencesbetweentheEuropeanliteratureandthatofAmerican.
9、TheDifferencesw 1.Thefirstimportantdifferenceissimplystated.InasensethedevelopmentofNorthAmericanliteraturereversedthehistoryofeveryothernationalliterature.Insteadofbeginningwithfolktalesandsongsitbeganwithabstractionsandproceededfromphilosophytofiction.ContinuedA.Thecoloniesdevelopednooralorfolklit
10、erature,suchashadcharacterizedthefirststagesofEnglish,French,German,Italian,Russian,Spanishand,indeed,allEuropean,ifnotallworld,culture.B.TheinfluentialProtestantworkethic,reinforcedbythepracticalnecessitiesofahardpioneerlife,inhibitedthedevelopmentofanyreadingmatterdesignedsimplyforleisure-timeente
11、rtainment.Continuedw Thepre-revolutionarywritinginthecolonieswas,therefore,essentiallyoftwokinds:n1)Practicalmatter-of-factaccountsoffarming,hunting,travel,etc.designedtoinformpeople“athome”whatlifewaslikeinthenewworld,and,often,toinducetheirimmigration;2)Highlytheoretical,generallypolemical,discuss
12、ionsofreligiousquestions.Continuedw 2.Inadditiontothisuniquenon-existenceofanypopularorfolkliterature,andtheexistenceofsubstantialbodyofwidelyread,highlytheoreticalwriting,theaccountsofpersonalexperiencesalsodifferedfromsimilarEnglishreports.Continuedw 3.Finally,therewasalsoavitallyimportantphilosop
13、hy,characteristicoflifeintheUnitedStateswhichdifferentiated,indegreeatleast,itscultureandthereforeitsliteraturefromthatofEurope.w AlexdeTocquevillesw DemocracyintheUnitedStates(1831)w “Individualismisamatureandcalmfeelingwhichdisposeseachmemberofthecommunitytoseverhimselffromthemassoffellow-creature
14、s:.Aristocracyhadmadeachainofallthemembersofacommunity,fromthepeasanttotheking;democracybreaksthatchain,andseverseverylinkofit.Thusnotonlydoesdemocracymakeeverymanforgethisancestors,butithideshisdescendants,andseparateshiscontemporariesfromhim;itthrowshimbackforeveruponhimselfalone,andthreatensinthe
15、endtoconfinehimentirelywithinthesolitudeofhisownheart.”Anothersignofthetimes.isthenewimportancegiventothesingleperson.Everythingthattendstoinsulatetheindividualtosurroundhimwithbarriersofnaturalrespect,sothateachmanshallfeeltheworldishis,andmanshalltreatwithmanassovereignstatewithasovereignstatetend
16、stotrueunionaswellasgreatness.w CertainlyindividualismdidnotoriginateintheUnitedStates,norwasitconfinedtothatyoungnation.Itwasanintrinsicpartofthephilosophyofthebourgeoisrevolutionhaving,perhaps,itsclearestandmostnatureearlyexpressioninsixteenthcenturyElizabethanEngland.w Astheworditselfimplies,thephilosophyofindividualismstressedtheimportanceofthesinglemanorwomanratherthanthatofthecommunityorclassorevenfamily.w TheolderCatholicreligionplacedgreatemphasisonmansdutytofillwellthepositioninwhichGod
