首先是理解原文，摆脱原文的形式约束，进 入到语义的深层次，判断分析各种内在的实 质是隐含的逻辑关系然后再回到汉语的表层形式上来在组织汉 语的过程中，我们可以遵从下面的一些原则 1．时间原则汉语在叙述一系列事件时，一般遵从“先 发生的先说，后发生的后说”的原则 We had been dismayed at home while reading of the natural calamities that followed one another for three years after we left China in 1959. （句子依照反时间顺序；先议后叙） 试比较： 我们在1959年离开了中国，此后，中国连续三年遭到 自然灾害我们在国内读到这方面的消息，心情颇为 低沉 （句子依照自然的时间顺序展开，先叙后议）The lightly regarded Swede, ①in becoming the first native-born Scandinavian ever to win the title, ② floored Patterson seven times ③before the referee halted the fight in the third round. ③在第三个回合里裁判员叫停之前， ②这位不太被 人看得起的瑞典人七次将帕特森打倒在地。
①于是他 成了第一个获得此项冠军的斯堪的纳维亚人刘振 江，“翻译与语言深层结构的划分”）2．空间原则汉语在表述空间关系时，一般按照由近及远，由此及彼， 由大及小的顺序，少数时候也遵从由远及近，由彼及此， 由小及大比如： The deserted mining villages, protruding pitheads overgrown with tall grass and rusting refineries behind crumbling walls situated in valleys, were surrounded by thick wooded mountain slopes, hot springs gushing out here and there.按照从村里向村外的视角方向，译文可以组织为：这些荒芜的矿村位于山谷之中，突兀的矿井口上长着深深 的野草，破败的屋墙后是锈迹斑斑的冶炼设备山谷周围 群山环抱，山上树林密布，温热的泉水随处涌出形合转换为意合3．层次原则汉语在叙述层次含孕的关系时，一般按照由总及分的 顺序，少数时候也遵从由分及总比如：His period in office was marked by a steep rise in Iran’s oil revenues and the beginning of a social- political crisis brought on by wide-scale misuse of the 22 billion a year earnings from oil.他执政期间，有两个突出的事件：一是伊朗的石 油收入迅猛上升，二是大规模地滥用每年二百二 十亿美元的石油收益而引发的社会政治危机。
Many man-made substances are replacing certain natural materials because either the quantity of the natural product can not meet our ever-increasing requirement, or more often, because the physical properties of the synthetic substance, which is the common name for man-made materials, have been chosen, and even emphasized, so that it would be of the greatest use in the fields in which it is to be applied. 本句的逻辑关系是，先呈现观点“Many man-made substances are replacing certain natural materials”， 然后再分述两条原因，而第二条原因中又包含着复杂 的语法结构。
汉语中我们可以按照“由总及分”的顺序 简明地阐述为：Many man-made substances are replacing certain natural materials because either the quantity of the natural product can not meet our ever-increasing requirement, or more often, because the physical properties of the synthetic substance, which is the common name for man-made materials, have been chosen, and even emphasized, so that it would be of the greatest use in the fields in which it is to be applied. 很多人造材料正在取代天然材料，一方面是因为天然 材料的产量难以满足日益增长的需要；更重要的原因 是，人们选择了合成材料（即通常所称的人造材料） 的一些物理特性并加以突出，以便它能在应用领域发 挥最大的作用。
The original members of the United Nations shall be the states which, having participated in the United Nations Conference on International Organization at San Francisco, or having previously signed the Declaration by United Nations of 1 January, 1942, sign the present Charter and ratify it in accordance with Article 110. 联合国之创始会员国必须满足两个条件：1、或者此前 曾参加在旧金山举行的关于成立国际组织的联合国大 会，或者此前曾在1942年1月1日签署联合国宣言；2、 签订本宪章、并根据第110款批准本宪章Group discussionMultitudes of bees used to bury themselves in the yellow blossoms of the summer squashes. This, too, was a deep satisfaction; although, when they had laden themselves with sweets, they flew away to some unknown hive, which could give back nothing in requital of what my garden had contributed.在夏天，成群结队的蜜蜂则喜欢一头扎进黄色的南瓜花里。
当 它们载满了蜜汁，便会飞到那些我无从知晓的巢穴中，不再对 我花园的奉献作任何酬答而我，依然是深深的心满意足（试比较：“在夏天，成群结队的蜜蜂则喜欢一头扎进黄色的 南瓜花里我也感到无比满意当它们载满了蜜汁，便会飞到 那些我无从知晓的巢穴中，不再对我花园的奉献作任何酬答 ”4．因果组块原则在叙述因果关系时，汉语一般是原因在前，结果 在后，少数时候也遵从结果在前，原因在后比 如： Attracting specialized, career-focused students is one reason Stanford University Medical Center overhauled（彻底检查，大修） its curriculum and required students to pick a concentration by the end of their first year.斯坦福大学医学中心重新调整了课程体系，并要 求学生在第一学年结束时选择专业方向，其目的 之一便是为了吸引细化专业、有明确职业目标的 学生A long standing reticence（沉默），perhaps born of national abhorrence（憎恨） of monarchies and kings, kept faces and portraits off United States coins as a regular practice until 1909, the centennial （100 周年）of Abraham Lincoln’s birth. 句子的主干结构是：reticence kept faces and portraits off United States coins。
在句子的前半部分中， “perhaps born of national abhorrence …”和“a long standing reticence”是因果关系，可以按因果组块来安 排；综观整个句子，又可以用时间组块来安排： 或许是出于国民长期以来对独裁和君主的憎恨，美国 人一直不情愿在钱币上刻印肖像和人物这一惯例一 直持续到1909年，即亚伯拉罕·林肯诞辰100周年时， 才被打破5． 信息值比较原则According Hallidayian grammar, an information unit is composed of a theme and a rheme.eg: (In stylistics, foregrounding and backgrouding are used; in psycholinguistic, saliency/salient is used) The crop was destroyed by the rain. Theme rheme Given/old new/expected(information) Low value high value(information)Mr. Smith is the chairman. The chairman is Mr. Smith.屡战屡败。
屡败屡战 有啥吃啥 吃啥有啥信息排列方式：功能学派认为信息的聚焦原则是旧 信息在前，新信息在后，对此我们称为无标记聚焦 (unmarked focus)在特定的语境中为了达到强调效 果，也将新信息放在句首，旧信息放在句后，对此 我们称为标记聚焦(marked focus)Eg: Great was his joy when he put the bird into the cage. It is the chimp that has been chosen as the subject. Rachel is my name.汉语在行文时，一般按照“低值信息在前，高值信息 在后”、“已知信息在前，新知信息在后”、“确定信息 在前，不定信息在后”的规则来陈述逻。