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动词语气-虚拟语气(共8页)

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精选优质文档-----倾情为你奉上专心---专注---专业英语语气( mood)英语有三种语气,即陈述语气、 祈使语气和虚拟语气陈述语气用于陈述事实、提出看 法或问题等,祈使语气用于表示请求、命令或警告等,虚拟语气则表示假想或主观愿望虚拟语气主要有以下几种用法:一、状语从句中的虚拟语气1. if 条件句状语从句的虚拟语气1)构成主句谓语条件从句的谓语与现在 事实相反过去式 (be 通常用 were)should(would,could,might)+ 动词原形与过去 事实相反过去完成时(had+过去分词should(would,could,might)+have+ 过去分词与将来 事实相反过去式 (be 通常用 were)should(would,could,might)+ 动词原形should+动词原形(表示可能性极小,常译为 万一”)were to+动词原形(表示与将来事实相反的假设 )注意:当条件从句使用 “should动词原形"这样的谓语时,主句谓语除可用 “should(would, c ould, might)+ 动词原形 ”这样的虚拟语气外,也可用陈述语气或祈使语气:If it should rain tomorrow, don et xpect me. 万一明天下雨,就不要等我了。

注:① 主句谓语中的 should 主要用于第一人称后 would, might, could 的大致区别是: wo uld 表示结果, might 表示可能性, could 表示能力、允许或可能性比较:② 有时条件从句用 would 表示愿意:If he would live on with me, I would be his better half. 要是他还愿意跟我过,我仍 会做他的妻子③ 条件从句的谓语动词为 be时,不管其主语为单数还是复数通常都用 were,但在口语或非正式文体中的单数第一人称和第三人称后,也可用 was,不过在If I were you这样的表达中,通常还是以用 were为宜④ 错综时间条件句 即条件从句与主句所指时间不一致, 如从句指过去, 而主句即指的是 现在或将来, 此时应根据具体的语境情况, 结合上面提到的三种基本类型对时态作相应的调If it had rained last night, the ground would be wet now. 要是昨晚下过雨的话, 现在 地面就会是湿的⑤ 条件从句用if I were…时,既可指现在也可指过去。

2) if 虚拟条件句的省略① 省略连词 if从句中含有 were, should, had 时,可将条件从句的连词 if 省略,但此时应用倒装句型, 即将 were, should, had 提到句首:Were I Tom, I would refuse. 如果我是汤姆,我会拒绝I will go, should it be necessary. 假若有必要,我会去的注】 若条件从句为否定句,否定词 not 应置于主语之后,而不能与 were, should, ha d等缩略成 Weren tShouldn Hadn而置于句首② 省略条件句的主语和其后的动词 be若主从句主语一致,且谓语部分包含有动词 be,通常可将主语和动词 be省略:If repaired earlier, the tractor would not have broken down. 要是早点儿修一下,拖拉 机就不会抛锚了 (=If it had been repaired earlier …)③ 省略 “it+be ”If necessary, I would send more farm-hands to help you. 如果需要的话我会派更多的 民工去帮你。

(=lf it was necessary, I would…)④ 省略主句或从句,表达强烈的情感He would have finished it. 他本该完成了If I were at home now. 要是我现在在家里该多好啊!If only I had known the news earlier! 要是我早知道这个消息多好啊! 注意: if only 后的动词形式参照 wish3) 含蓄虚拟条件句所谓含蓄虚拟条件句, 即指将条件从句隐藏在介词短语、 分词短语或上下文中的一类条 件句此时,句子的谓语采用 if条件句主句相同的形式① 介词短语含虚拟条件,如: with, without, but for, under② 连词含虚拟条件,如: but(后接真实情况的分句),or, otherwise, and, or else③ 不定式、分词含虚拟条件,如:Given more time (= If I had been given more time ), I would have been able to finish the test .女口 果给我更多的时间,我就能做完试卷。

He would have been foolish to do that (= if he has done that) •要是他干了这事,那真蠢④ 名词含虚拟条件,如:A true friend would not have betrayed me.若是真正的朋友,就不会背弃我 (=lf hehad been a true friend, he would …)⑤ 定语从句含虚拟条件,如:Anyone who had see n that pain ti ng might have take n it for a photo. 凡是看过那画的人,者 E可能把它看成是照片 (=If anyone had seen that pai nti ng ) …⑥ 上下文含虚拟条件,如:Don tbother to read all these papers. It would take too long.不要费事看所有这些文 件了,那会花太多时间 (=••• If you read all these papers, it would take too Iong)4) suppose (that), supposing (that)放句首,引导条件状语从句,相当于 if。

Suppose that there were no gravitational force, object would not fall to the ground w hen dropped.如果没有地球引力,物体就不会落到地面上2. as if, as though引导的方式状语从句的虚拟语气表示所发生的时间虚拟语气结构发生在主句动作之前had +过去分词与主句动作同时发生过去时(be用were )发生在主句动作之后would / could / might / should+ 原形动词3. even if, even though引导的让步状语从句的虚拟语气说的不一定是事实,往往是一种虚拟的让步,其虚拟语气主句、从句的结构 与if所引导的条件从句结构相同如:Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here.即使华佗在世也救 不了他注意:如果是真实情况,可用陈述语气4. however, whatever, wherever, whenever, whoever, no matter how(what, when, wher e, who)引导的让步状语从句中,也可以使用虚拟语气,一般使用陈述语气从句中谓语动词的形式指 现在或将来,用may+动词原形,指过去,用may+have done, 主句所用谓语动词时态不限。

如:Wherever she may live, she will always find friends.5. 目的状语从句中的虚拟语气(1) 在for fear that, in case, lest引导的目的状语从句中,若用虚拟语气时,从句谓语为:should +动词原形并且 should不能省略She examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in.她又把门检查了一 遍,以防盗贼的进入He started out earlier lest he should be late.他很早就出发了以防迟到2) 在so that, in order that所引导的目的状语从句中,从句中的谓语为: can / may/ could / might / will / would / should + 动词原形如:He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer. 他走近说话的人以便 能挺得更清楚He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word. 他把信读得很 仔细以便不漏掉一个单词。

二.宾语从句中的虚拟语气1. wish后的宾语从句动词wish后接宾语从句时(常常省略连词 that),从句谓语要用虚拟语气时态 从句谓语与现在事实相反的愿望 一般过去时;与过去相反的愿望 过去完成时或would / could+have +过去分词将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望 would (could, might, should) +动词原形注意:wish后从句的虚拟跟 wish的时态没有关系,主要看语境2. would rather, had rather, would sooner 的宾语从句表示所发生的时间虚拟语气结构过去had +过去分词;现在过去时(be用were )将来过去时(be用were )Id rather you had seen the film yesterday.我倒想你昨天看过了这场电影Id rather you were here now. 我倒想你现在在这儿注意:三个词的意思都一样,had rather美语中常用,would rather和had rather的缩写 都是 rather.3. 一坚持”主要是指insist的宾语从句,从句谓语由“should动词原形"构成,其中的should在美国 英语可省略 。

注意: 动词 insist 后接宾语从句时,也可用陈述语气,两者的区别是:若谓语动词所表 示的动作尚未发生,或尚未成为事实,则用虚拟语气;若谓语动词所表示的动作已经发生, 或已经成为事实,则要用陈述语气比较:He insisted that I had read his letter. 他坚持说我看过他的信He insisted that I should read his letter. 他坚持要我看他的信二命令”主要是指order, comma nd的宾语从句,从句谓语由 “ should动词原形"构成,其中的should 在美国英语中通常可以省略三建议”主要是指advise, suggest, propose等的宾语从句,从句谓语由 “should动词原形"构成,其中的 shou。

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