Francis Bacon,(1561-1626),,,General introduction Works Theory on philosophy Mottos of Bacon,,Sir Francis Bacon,Born in London in 1561 in a prominent and well-connected family, his father Sir Nicholas Bacon, Lord keeper of the Great Seal (掌玺大臣)to the Queen Elizabeth , she called Bacon the “Little Lord keeper ”. Educated at home. In 1573, at the age of just twelve, he entered Trinity College, Cambridge In 1576 ,at 16, after graduating he took up law，and completed his law degree in 1582; In 1588 he was named lecturer in legal studies at Grays Inn(格雷法律学院)and elected to Parliament in 1584 as a member of the House of Commons,From 1604-1618，he filled a succession of high-profile advisory positions: 1604 Appointed Kings Counsel. 王室法律顾问 1607 Named Solicitor General. 副检察长 1608 Appointed Clerk of the Star Chamber. 1613 Appointed Attorney General. 首席检察官 1616 Made a member of the Privy Council. 枢密院顾问 1617 Appointed Lord Keeper of the Royal Seal (his fathers former office). 掌玺大臣 1618 Made Lord Chancellor and made a peer with the titles of Baron Verulam (维鲁兰男爵) 1621Gained the titles of Baron Viscount St Alban（奥尔本斯子爵）,Later life,He was a admirable judge, but in the course of his rising he has made enemies who finally combined to bring against him charges of bribery and the betrayal of justice .Bacons guilt lay less in financial corruption than in too great readiness to allow court influence to affect his legal decisions. He was convicted, deprived of his office, and banished from London He died in 1626 and spent the remaining years in his literacy and philosophical works.,,,Francis Bacon, a representative of the English renaissance, is a well-known philosopher , scientist, essayist and the founder of induction(归纳法) He devoted almost half of his life to political career while known as a philosophical advocate and defender of the scientific revolution,Bacons Works,1. Philosophical: Advancement of Learning（论学术的进展 ） (1605 ) Novum Organum（新工具论） (1620 ) 2. Literary: Essays 论说随笔文集 (1625) The New Atlantics 新亚特兰蒂斯 3. Professional: Maxim of the Law 格言集 Reading on the Statute of Uses 阅读在法令的应用,A great tract on education,In this book Bacon highly praised knowledge, refuting the objections to learning Great significance : in Bacons time, his separation theology from scientific observation and experiment makes a great step forward in science,,Novum Organum (1620),Outstanding treatise written in Latin on methodology The argument is for the use of inductive method(归纳法)or reasoning（推理） in scientific study Bacon advanced the necessity of acccurate observations 2. The essays cover a variety of subjects; 3. The essays are sinewy though short, full of wisdom, and elegantly phrased.,The organization Part 1: The purpose of studies. Part 2: The methods/measures of reading Part 3: The benefits of reading,Of Studies,“Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgement and disposition of business.” 读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。
其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际Reading has three functions. It delights you; It beautifies you; and it strengthens your ability.,Part 1,privateness: private life discourse: carrying on a conversation,The delight of reading lies in your private life and retirement. The beautifying of reading lies in how you talk to others. The way reading strengthens your ability lies in your act of judging, how you assess a person or situation or event and how you deal with it.,How to read books?,Part 2,Method One,“Read not to contradict and confute ; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider.” Dont disagree hostilely when you are reading, dont believe it wholly. We should not only focus on the words and sentences , but also think about it back and forth.,superstition,Method Two,“Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.” Taste: To read in the way that you test the taste of food, to read bits here and there Swallow: To read the whole book or story, but with little attention or without through understanding. Chew and digest: To read carefully and slowly and then think about and understand the meaning or importance of books.,That is to say:,Different books, different attitudes. Some books are just for appreciation, some for entertainment, some should be digested.,Benefit of reading,“Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.”,Reading fulfills a man, discussion makes a man witty, note makes a man clear.,Part 3,“And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit: and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not.”,parallelism,Therefore, men who dont take notes often should strengthen the memory, men who dont discuss often should be smarter, and men who dont often。