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1、2012初三英语语法讲义（三）代词、介词、连词、冠词 （教 师）一、代词1.定义：为避免重复而用来代替前文提到的名词的词2.分类：共八类，分别为人称代词（主格和宾格）、物主代词（形容词性和名词性）、反身代词（-self）、指示代词（this, that, these, those), 疑问代词(wh-)，不定代词(some,any及其与thing，body构成的复合词等等），相互代词(each other, one another)和关系代词。3.人称代词的重难点：1）不同人称代词的顺序问题a.单数人称代词并列作主语和宾语时，其顺序为: you,he/she and I；you ,him/he
2、r and me（宾格）b.复数人称代词作主语和宾语时，其顺序为：we,you and they; （主格）；us，you and them注意： 在下列情况中，第一人称放在前面。a. 在承认错误，承担责任时。 It was I and John that made her angry. (我和约翰) b. 在长辈对晚辈，长官对下属说话时，如长官为第一人称。 I and you try to finish it.（我和你）2) it 的特别用法a.作形式主语或宾语Its necessary to buy that dictionary. I consider it important to a
3、sk the teacher. (不用that) b. it表示时间，天气，季节，距离，还可以指代上文内容。It rains all the year. Professor Lee gave us a lecture yesterday. It was of great interest.3) 人称代词单独使用时，常用宾格而不是主格。- Id like to stay here for another week. - Me too. （I）4. 物主代词的重难点：1) 形容词性物主代词起形容词作用，后面一定要有 （有/没有）名词；名词性物主代词相当于名词，后面一定没有（有/没有）名词。比较：这
4、本书是我的。This is my book. This book is mine.2) 物主代词不可与 a, an, the, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等词一起前置修饰一个名词，而必须用双重所有格。3) 双重所有格（a friend of mine 的用法）公式为：a, an, this, that +名词+of +名词性物主代词e.g. How many friends of yours （你的多少朋友）will come to the party?
5、5. 反身代词的重难点：1) 可作宾语、同位语、表语等，但不能单独作主语。判断正误: Myself drive the car. (F) I myself drive the car. (T) 2) 当宾语代词与主语指同一人时，宾语要用反身代词。 You should be proud of yourself. (you)比较: Mary saw herself in the mirror. （she）（看到她自己）Mary saw her in the mirror. （she）（看到另外一人）3) oneself亲自（做），相当于personally, in person；by onese
6、lf独自（做），相当于alone或独立做；for oneself 独立（做），自己动手做，相当于without being helped或者“为自己”b. You should go to see him yourself. (you) 你应该亲自去见他。He likes to take a walk by himself. (he) 他喜欢独自一人去散步。You should work out problem for yourself. (you) 你应该独立解决这个问题。4) teach oneself 自学 enjoy oneself 过得愉快 dress oneself 自己穿衣服 c
7、ant help oneself 情不自禁 help oneself to 随便吃/请自便 talk / speak to oneself 自言自语6.指示代词的重难点：1）this, these常指时间，空间离说话者较近人或物；that，those常指时间，空间离说话者较远人或物。2) that, those用来代替前面说过的事物以免重复。The weather in Wuhan is much colder than that in Guangzhou in winter. (用this/that填空) The radios made in Guangzhou are better tha
8、n those made in Changchun. 3) that有时可代替句子或句中的一部分。 He was ill. Thats why he didnt come. 7.疑问代词 who/whomWho put the light out before I finished my work?Whom/ who have you chosen to take part in the sports meeting?With whom did you go to the concert?8.不定代词的重难点：1) 包括all, both, each, either, neither, mor
9、e, little, few, much, many, *another, *other, others, some, any, *every, *no, one以及something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.2) 以上既可起名词作用也可用作形容词，但标*的除外，他们只能作定语；“以及”后面的只能起名词作用。3) all VS both: all指三者及三者以上; both指两者。a. all的主谓
10、一致：all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定。All goes (go) well. All of the students come (come). b. both一般修饰可数名词（两者），谓语用复数Both Mary and Mike are students. （be）We both can speak English. (speak)We are both students. 位置在名词前，行为动词前，be动词之后。（前/后）4) either VS neither: either指两者中任意一个; neither指两者中没有一个，全否定。 a.作主语时，谓语动词多用单数，但
11、有时复数也可以。Either of the films is/are good. Neither of the films is/are good. b.作定语与单数名词连用。Either film is good. Neither film is good.c.可用于下列句型，避免重复。She cant sing，neither (can) he. 5) neither VS nor a.如不同的人不做同一件事用neither。e.g. If you dont do it，neither should I.(neither/nor) b.如同一个人不做不同的事用nor，不用neither。e
12、.g. He cant sing，nor dance，nor skate.6) no one VS none:No one 一般指人，其后不能加of短语；none 既可指人也可指物，其后能加of短语。No one常用来回答who的提问；none常用来回答how many/ much的提问。 - Who told you the news? - No one. I read the newspaper. (no one/ none) -How much money have you got on you? - None.a. none of表示若干人（物）中一个也不，谓语动词可单可复。b.在答语
13、中none可单独使用。e.g. -Are there any pictures on the wall?-None.7) one VS that VS it: one表示泛指与前面的名词同类的另一事物，既同名异物；that, it表示特指。that与所指名词为同类，但不是同一个，而it 与所指名词为同一个。e.g. I cant find my hat. I think I must buy one.(不定) (one/ that/ it)The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(同类但不同个) I cant find my hat. I
14、 don t know where I put it.(同一物) 8) some VS anya. some也可与单数名词连用,意为某一（= a certain）e.g. You will be sorry for this some day. b. any可用于肯定句，含有任何的意思e.g. Here are three novels. You may read any. c. some用于肯定疑问句中：说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的，或期望得到肯定回答时。Would you like句式中，表委婉请求或建议，如： Would you like some coffee?9) one/ ano
15、ther/ the other / others: one the other只有两个 some the others有三个以上others = other people/things; the others = the rest剩余的全部another 泛指另一个 a.一定范围内两人(物)，一个用one，另一个用the other。b.一定范围内三者，一个用one，另一个用one (another)，第三个可用the other，a third。c.一定范围内，除去一部分人/物some，剩余的全部用the others。10) a few, little, a few, a little: (a) few + 可数名词, (a) little + 不可数名词; a few / a little 为肯定含义，还有一点; few / little为否定含义，没有多少了。 固定搭配: only a few (=few) not a few (=man
