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1、本科毕业设计外文文献及译文 文献题目：Reviewing the Development of Modern Landscape Architecture in America 文献来源：期刊文献发表日期：2008.10.25 院 （部）： 艺术学院专 业： 园林班 级： 园林061姓 名： 张峻涛学 号： 2006061324指导教师： 鲁敏教授翻译日期： 2010.6.9山东建筑大学毕业设计外文文献及译文外文文献：Reviewing the Development of Modern Landscape Architecture in America 1 Introduction The
2、new century came in the end, turn of the century, a century or even millennium replace actually replaced in a flash, in this moment, the United States Modern Landscape Architecture profession has gone through an extraordinary century.In the passing away of hundred years, the United States the emerge
3、nce of modern landscape architecture and development to guide the direction of modern landscape architecture, and covers almost all of the exploration.Therefore, we hope that through their review and thinking, can and enlightenment. 2 Development Industrial revolution has brought about tremendous an
4、d far-reaching changes to the 19th century, known as the father of American landscape architecture of the FL Olmsted and Vaux designed by British architect, New Yorks Central Park (1858) the construction, marking the ordinaryliving landscape to come.As a starting point, the landscape architecture fr
5、om the path of independence, and with modern American society and the democratic process, moving from a very small selection of traditional professional into the world of human life for almost all the scales involved in the subject; in the shortshort bar for more than a century, the landscape of hum
6、an experience in several dimensions greatly expanded.2.1 The expansion of the field of professional practice And ideal as a symbol of a series of city parks (1865 Thurmond Philadelphia Park, Jinshan Park, 1870 San Francisco, Chicago, 1871 South Park, etc.) and the beginning of modern landscape archi
7、tecture practice, such as a pioneer in the Olmsteadinitiative, adhere to the whole land from the city and the perspective of the modern landscape architecture professional practice areas of the start location; including urban parks and green space systems, urban and rural landscape road system, resi
8、dential areas, schools, real estate development and national parksplanning and design management in the broad field.With the social development and understanding of human nature continues to expand, the practice of landscape architecture and further extend to the entire field of human settlements co
9、nditions.Modern Landscape Architecture in Perspective increasingly clear that completely changed the concept of practice, of course, the traditional small-scale private gardens and garden design continue, and ecology, such as land planning, landscape protection and planning, investigation and assess
10、ment of land resources and landscape protectionmanagement of these professional practice to make the landscape architecture in a more general level and more public scale operation.Today, as a human society gradually away from the natural environment to answer, landscape architecture, construction ya
11、rd will no longer be enlarged version, but a practical subject, covering almost 10,000 people and the natural environment aspects of the relationship between the practice of subject area, itstheoretical methods and social responsibility also will expand and change.2.2 clients and professional practi
12、tioners to expand American Modern Landscape Architecture from the Central Park, the already small number of people is no longer a luxury for admiration, but the general public space for physical and mental regeneration.Landscape into the lives of ordinary people, to meet the aspirations of ordinary
13、people, it should be said that it was given to modern society and democracy.Modern landscape architecture enables modern landscape architecture, social life with real roots, with continuous vitality and dynamism.With human beings the process of industrialization and urbanization make the deteriorati
14、ng natural environment, the survival and continuation of human beings also under threat.To environmental issues in contemporary society to highlight the status of the point of view, the modern landscape architecture services is no longer limited to a group of man-made object, but as a human interdep
15、endence with other species with itself has a multi-cultural existence of natural systemsin part, to expand the vision of modern landscape architecture to the cultural circle of the entire human interaction with the natural biosphere and sustainable development. Broad areas of professional practice t
16、o make the necessary professional knowledge landscape architects increasingly present a comprehensive and integrated features.Today, many landscape architects will be required for landscape architecture practice, extensive knowledge and feel a bit embarrassed.Correspondingly, with a variety of different professio
