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1、Basic English Writing,基 础 英 语 写 作,第一章 词语,第一节 词类和句子成分(Parts of Speech) 一、词的分类 英语可以分为以下10种词类: 1.名词（即人或事物的名称）- n. ( noun ) boy, dancer, flower, beauty, country 2.冠词（用在名词前，帮助说明其意义）- art. ( article ) a, an, the,Company Logo,3.动词（表示动作或状态）- v. ( verb ) go, do, see, work, feel 4.形容词（表示人或事物的特征）adj( adjective
2、 ) good, easy, new, beautiful 5.副词（表示动作特征或性状特征）- adv. ( adverb ) beautifully, carefully, hard, up, very 6.代词（代替名词或数词）- pron. ( pronoun ) we, these, some, everybody, what 7.数词（表示数目或顺序）- num. ( numeral ) nine, fifty, third, twentieth,Company Logo,8介词（用在名词、代词等前面，说明与别的词之间关系） - prep. ( preposition ) in,
3、on, from, through, for 9连词（连接词与词或句与句） - conj. ( conjunction )and, or, if, when, although 10感叹词（表示说话时的感情或口气） - int. ( interjection ) ah, well, wow, why 不定式前的to为小品词（particles）。 yes和no 有人称为肯定词和否定词，有的词典称之为副词。,Company Logo,二、词类和句子成分的关系 1. 主语 主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动
4、词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。,Company Logo,例： Chinese country music has become more and more popular.（名词） We often speak English in class.（代词） One-third of the students in our class are boys.（数词） To swim in the lake is a great pleasure.（不定式） Smoking does harm to our health.（动名词） The
5、 rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词） Where we are going to have a meeting has not been decided.（主语从句）,Company Logo,2. 谓语 谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语一般由动词构成，放在主语之后。 例： He practices English every morning. She has caught a bad cold.,Company Logo,3. 表语 表语说明主语的身份、特征和状态，位于系动词后。一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、
6、副词及表语从句表示。 例： Our English teacher is an English.（名词） Is it yours? （代词） The weather has turned warm.（形容词） The speech is interesting.（分词） She is twenty-one.（数词） His job is to teach Chinese.（不定式） Her hobby is playing basketball.（动名词） The machine must be out of order.（介词短语） The class is over.（副词） The tr
7、uth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）,Company Logo,4. 宾语 宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。由名词、代词、数词、名词化形容词、不定式短语、动名词短语和宾语从句表示。 例： They went to see a movie yesterday.（名词） The rain prevented us from coming to school on time.（代词） How many friends do you have? I have five.（数词） They helped the old with
8、their housework last month.（名词化形容词） He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语） I enjoy listening to the music.（动名词短语） I think he is my best friend.（宾语从句）,Company Logo,宾语分为双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）和复合宾语（宾语+宾补）两种。 例： Give me your dictionary, please.（双宾语） They elected her their monitor.（复合宾语） 5. 定语 定语是修饰名词或代词的词、短语或句子。词作定
9、语时通常放在它所修饰的名词之前，短语或句子作定语时通常放在它所修饰的名词之后。作定语的有名词、形容词、数词、代词、分词及其短语、不定式及其短语、介词短语以及定语从句等。,Company Logo,例： They are women teachers in our school.（名词） Xian is a beautiful city.（形容词） The plan has three steps.（数词） Her rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词） China is a developing country; America is
10、a developed country.（分词） Our English teacher is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式） My cat has a good nose for milk. （介词短语） Those who want to go abroad are to sign their names here. （定语从句）,Company Logo,6. 状语 状语是修饰动词、形容词、副词的词、短语或句子，是用来表明动作或状态特征的句子成分。状语表示地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较、程度、方式、伴随情况等。作
11、状语的有副词、名词、介词短语、分词及其短语、动词不定式及其短语、状语从句等。 例： Time goes quickly.（副词） Please wait a minute.（名词） He has lived in the country for twenty years.（介词短语） She is proud to have passed the final exam.（不定式短语） The boy is in the room making a model car.（分词短语） Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）,Company Logo,状语种
12、类如下： 例： Mrs. Smith lives on the second floor.（地点状语） How about meeting at seven in the morning? （时间状语） Last night she didnt go to the party because of the homework.（原因状语） In order to catch up with the others, you must work harder.（目的状语） He was so excited that he couldnt fall asleep.（结果状语） I shall go
13、there if it doesnt rain.（条件状语） He works very hard though he is old.（让步状语） I am shorter than he is.（比较状语） This ticket is three days overdue.（程度状语） She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语） The teacher came in with a book in her hand.（伴随状语）,Company Logo,7. 补语 补语是起补充说明作用的句子成分，有主语补足语和宾语补足语
14、两种。主语补足语很少提及，在写作中经常会使用的补语形式主要是宾语补足语。 宾语补足语是在宾语后面加上一个词或一个短语，用来对宾语的特征、状态等情况进行补充说明，使得句子意义变的更加完整。宾语补足语可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。,Company Logo,例： We elected him mayor. （名词） They painted the wall white.（形容词） Call the boys back.（副词） You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式） We saw her entering
15、 the room.（分词） We found everything in good order.（介词短语） We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）,Company Logo,8. 同位语 由两个或两个以上同一层次的语言单位组成的结构，如果前项与后项所指相同，句法功能也相同，那么后项是前项的同位语。同位语可由名词、代词、动名词、不定式、从句等充当。 例： The family, father, mother, children, are all working for me.（名词） They each signed the
16、 paper.（代词） His ambition, conquering the whole world, was never fulfilled.（动名词） Her task, to clean the house, is easy.（不定式） I had no idea that you were here.（从句）,Company Logo,三、词类的转换（conversion ） 有些词仅属于一个词类，如quickly为副词，come为动词，beautiful 为形容词。但绝大多数词都可以属于两种或多种词类，例如： Lets go咱们走吧。（go用作动词） Id like to have a go at it我想试一试。（go用作名词） I havent seen him since 1998. 我1998年以后就没见到他了。（since 作介词） I saw him on Wednesday, but I havent spoken to him since. 我星期三见过他，但从那以后我就没有跟他说
