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1、Chapter 4 Blood,组 胚 教 研 室: 袁 娲 Department of histology and embryology,Learning Objectives,The composition of blood (血液). The structure, function and normal values (正常值) of the formed elements of blood(血液有形成分). Hematopoiesis (血细胞的发生). The hematopoietic tissue (造血组织) and the hematopoietic stem cells (
2、造血干细胞) . The production and significance of lymph(淋巴).,* a specialized form of C.T. * a circulating tissue * as a transporting medium * a total volume about 5 liters in health adult,INTRODUCTION,Components of blood 血液的组成成分,* Formed elements-blood cells (45%) * Intercellular substance-plasma (55%),Er
3、ythrocytes 红细胞 Leukocytes 白细胞 Platelets 血小板,H2O ( 90% ) Plasma proteins: albumin白蛋白, globulin球蛋 白, fibrinogen纤维蛋白原, etc. Others:,血液的组成,centrifugation (离心),- plasma,Leukocytes + Platelets,- Erythrocyte (Red blood cell),anticoagulant (heparin) 抗凝剂（肝素）,血块、血清,Serum 血清,without anticoagulant,Clotting,无纤维蛋
4、白原,血液有形成分,红细胞：男 （4.05.5）1012/L ； 女 （3.55.0）1012/L（350-500万个/ul),白细胞 (4.010) 109 /L 或 4千-1万个/ul,血小板 （100300） 109 /L （或10-30万个/ul）,有粒白细胞,无粒白细胞,中性粒细胞 50-70% 嗜酸性粒细胞 0.5-3% 嗜碱性粒细胞 0-1%,淋巴细胞 25-30% 单核细胞 3-8%,血液有形成分正常值,血象(hemogram)： 血细胞的形态、数量、百分比及血红蛋白的含量. 血象是临床疾病诊断、治疗的重要指标。,Wright染色法（瑞特染色法）:染料是由酸性染料伊红和碱性染料
5、亚甲蓝组成。 与酸性染料伊红结合，染粉红色；与碱性染料亚甲蓝结合，染紫蓝色。 Giemsa染色法（吉姆萨染色法）:吉姆萨染液由伊红，天青组成。,血涂片 blood smear: 观察血细胞形态 染色方法: Wright 或 Giemsa染色,一、红细胞（erythrocyte,red blood cell, RBC）,1.结构特点 2.血型 3.功能 4.寿命 5.网织红细胞,Mature Erythrocyte * biconcave disc shape, providing greater surface area; * no nucleus and organelles; * Hemo
6、globin ( Hb ); * deformability.,SEM,Size: 7.5 8.5m (diameter) Number: Male: 4.25.51012/ L (Hb: 120150g/L) Female: 3.55.0 1012/ L (Hb: 110140g/L),2ABO血型抗原系统：红细胞膜含血型抗原 A型：有A型抗原 B型：有B型抗原 O型：无A型、B型抗原 AB型：有A型、B型抗原,3功能: 红细胞具有携带 O和CO的功能，由血红 蛋白执行。 4寿命:红细胞的平均寿命 约为120天。,溶血 (hemolysis) 血影（erythrocyte ghost）:溶血
7、后残留 的红细胞膜囊。,* not fully mature RBC * 0.5 1% of a total number of RBC * no nucleus * ribosomal RNA remnants (netlike structure) * remaining Hb synthesis * Clinic significance,Reticulocyte 网织红细胞,Pathological conditions Number Size Shape Hb,Anemia贫血,Erythrocytosis 红细胞增多症,Spherocytosis; Sickle cell anem
8、ia,Thalassemia（地中海贫血）,Large / small cell anemia,Normal RBC Sickled RBC 镰状,Typically, the affected RBCs are small, spherically shaped, and lack the light centers seen in normal RBCs.,Spherocytosis,General characteristic of leukocytes * spherical shape * posses nuclei * presence of organelles * a tota
9、l number less than that of erythrocytes * exhibiting amoeboid movement * involving in body defenses and immunity,二、白细胞（leukocyte, white blood cell，WBC）,Classification *Granular leukocytes 有粒白细胞 neutrophils 5070% 中性粒细胞 eosinophils 0.53% 嗜酸性粒细胞 basophils 0 1% 嗜碱性粒细胞 *Agranular leukocytes 无粒白细胞 lymphoc
10、ytes 2530% 淋巴细胞 monocytes 38% 单核细胞,Neutrophil Size : 10 12 m (diameter) Morphology 形态 nucleus：highly morphonuclear rod-like 2-3 lobulated 4-5 lobulated young old cytoplasm： specific granules: 80%, small azurophilic granules: 20%, lysosome 溶酶体,Neutrophils 中性粒细胞,(嗜天青颗粒),中性粒细胞模式图（示杆状核演变至5叶核, 新生到衰老）,中性粒
11、细胞 （血涂片）,Neutrophils,Lobulated nuclei,Rod-like nucleus,azurophilic granules,* fine, uniform细腻，均匀 * evenly distributed * pink staining,Charateristics of specific granules:,Specific granules (80%, samll) contain: alkaline phosphatase 碱性磷酸酶 * Phagocytin 吞噬素 * lysozyme 溶菌酶,Azurophilic G. (large, less) c
12、ontaining: acid phosphatase 酸性磷酸酶 * Peroxidase 过氧化物酶,Neutrophil (EM),Function,Chemotaxis (Mobility) 趋化性: Attracted by chemotactic factor (released by macrophages) Phagocytosis & destroy bacteria: 吞噬和杀灭细菌 the number of leukocytes acute the % of neutrophils bacteria infection,Size: 10 12 m (diameter)
13、LM: nucleus: lobulated; S or irregular; obscured outline cytoplasm: basophilic granules,* variable size * uneven distribution * strong basophilia,Characteristic,Basophil 嗜碱性粒细胞,Basophil,E.M.: Basophilic granules contain: * heparin * histamine F.N.: * anticoagulate * responsible to allergic reaction,
14、nucleus,Size: 10 15 m (diameter) LM: - usually bilobed nucleus - eosinophilic granules,* strong eosinophilia (reddish) * coarse and refractile * uniform size and evenly distributed,Eosinophils 嗜酸性粒细胞,Characteristic,（电镜）,Eosinophilic granules ( primary lysosomes ) which contain substances: * acid pho
15、sphatase * aryl sulphatase 芳基硫酸酯酶 * Peroxidase * histaminase 组胺酶,nucleus,Eosinophilic granules with crystalloid in the center,(EM),Function,Chemotaxis（趋化性） attracted by chemotactic factor from the mast cells Phagocytize（吞噬） foreign bodies, Ag-Ab complex Anti-allergy （抗过敏） Release histaminase，inactiv
16、ate histamine for weakening allergic reaction Anti-parasite （抗寄生虫） It is increased in patients infected w/ allergic reaction or parasite,Neutrophils: * ruffled membrane movement * chemetaxis * phagocytosis Eosinophils: anti-parasite; anti-allergy Basophils: * anticoagulation; * involving in allergic response,Function of granular l
