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1、Section_Other_Parts_of_the_Module原文呈现Cloning and DNAMany people think that the science of genetics and cloning is recent. Its certainly true that in 1953, Watson and Crick, two scientists at Cambridge University, England, discovered the structure of the acid DNA a transparent twisting ladder made of
2、 the fundamental components of life. But in fact, it was in 1866 that Mendel first recorded the results of growing pea plants. He understood that both the parent plants had influenced the genetic makeup of the new plant.In 1973, biochemists Cohen and Boyer discovered a procedure to use enzymes chemi
3、cals formed in the body to unzip the DNA, to cut out a sequence of genes， and finally to insert them into the host cell and combine with its DNA.读文清障genetics/dnetIks/ n遗传学that引导主语从句，it作形式主语。acid/sId/ adj.酸(性)的transparent/trnsprnt/ adj.透明的twisting/twIstI/ adj.扭曲的，弯曲的fundamental/fndmentl/ adj.基本的，不可或缺
4、的component/kmpnnt/ n成分made of .是过去分词短语作后置定语。it was . that .是强调句型，强调时间状语in 1866。makeup n构成，构造procedure/prsid/ n程序，注意其后接了四个to do。enzyme/enzaIm/ n酶chemical n化学物质unzip/nzIp/ v解开cut out 切割出来，分离a sequence of 一系列的gene/din/ n基因insert/Inst/ v植入，插入the host cell宿主细胞combine with 与结合be combined with 被与结合/联合在一起克隆
5、与DNA第12段译文许多人认为基因学与克隆是最近出现的。确实如此，在1953年，英国剑桥大学的两名科学家沃森和克里克发现了酸性DNA的结构一种透明的由生命基本元素构成的双螺旋结构。但是事实上，孟德尔在1866年第一个记录了种植豌豆的结果。他了解到植物的父本和母本都会影响子代的基因构成。1973年，生物化学家科恩和博耶发现了如下步骤：利用人体内形成的化学物质酶解旋DNA，截取一定顺序的基因片断，最后把它们植入宿主细胞，使之与其DNA结合。Cloning takes the DNA from a single cell to create a whole new individual. A clo
6、ne is an organism which is genetically identical to another one. But its now certain that no clone is an exact copy because of differences in experiences and upbringing.There are at least two teams of scientists which are trying to clone humans. Although controversial， there are many valid reasons t
7、o do so. An Italian doctor wants to offer cloning as an optional treatment for couples who find it difficult to have children. But anyone who was a clone of one of their parents would be under unknown psychological pressure throughout their childhood.individual n个体organism/nIzm/ n有机体genetically adv.
8、遗传地(be) identical to 和一样，与一致its now certain that .是固定句式，表示“是确定的”。upbringing/pbrII/ n抚育，养育which引导定语从句，修饰two teams of scientists。controversial/kntrvl/ adj.有争议的valid/vlId/ adj.有确实根据的，有效的optional/pnl/ adj.可选择的find itadj.to do sth.是固定句式，it是形式宾语，adj.是宾补，to do sth.是真正的宾语。under .pressure 处于的压力之下第34段译文克隆是从一个
9、单细胞中提取DNA来创造出一个全新的个体。克隆体从遗传角度而言是与另一个生物个体完全相同的有机体。但是现在确定的是由于在经历和养育方面的差异，没有任何一个克隆体是完全的复制物。,至少有两组科学家正在试图克隆人类。尽管存在争议，这样做也有很多正当的理由。一位意大利医生想把克隆作为难以怀孕的夫妇的一种选择性治疗方案。然而来自父母中任何一方的克隆人都会在他们的整个童年生活中处在一种未知的心理压力下。Another reason is to reproduce the talents of exceptional human beings. But an Einstein clone might ch
10、oose a path in life which is contradictory to the one the original Einstein chose. He may even possess new vices instead of existing virtues！A further reason is to obtain a supply of stem cells. Stem cells in embryos are very flexible and can develop into every other type of cell in the body. For ex
11、ample, it could help someone recover from a disease, repair human tissue， or help them walk again after an accident. These stem cells would need to come from an embryo taken from the clone of someone. But the embryo would then be wasted, which many people find unacceptable. What is clear is that som
12、e voluntary code of practice among scientists has to be agreed. If not， compulsory government regulations will have to control cloning.reproduce/riprdjus/ v复制，使再现exceptional/Iksepnl/ adj.特别的，非凡的，卓越的contradictory/kntrdIktri/ adj.互相矛盾的，相反的the one后省略了引导定语从句的that，因为此处that作chose的宾语。vice/vaIs/ n缺点，弱点virtu
13、e/vtu/ n道德上的优点，善行a supply of 大量的stem cell干细胞embryo/embri/ n胚胎flexible/fleksbl/ adj.易适应的recover v复原，恢复，康复，常与from搭配。tissue/tIu/ n(生理)组织过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰an embryo。which引导非限制性定语从句作find的宾语。code/kd/ n法规，规则what引导主语从句； that引导表语从句。If not(If it is not)是省略句。compulsory/kmplsri/ adj.强制的，强迫的regulation/rejleIn/ n法规，条
14、例第56段译文另一个原因是复制非凡的人的天资。但是克隆出来的爱因斯坦或许会选择一条与“原版”爱因斯坦截然相反的生活道路。他甚至会有新的缺点而不是已有的优点！,更深层的原因是获得大量的干细胞。胚胎里的干细胞很容易适应，可能会发展成为体内任何其他类型的细胞。例如，它可以帮助人们从疾病中恢复，修复人体组织，或帮他们在事故后重新行走。这些干细胞会需要来自某个人的克隆体的胚胎。然后这个胚胎就没用了，这是许多人都无法接受的。很明显，在科学家中一些不成文的职业规范必须获准。否则，强制性的政府条例必须控制克隆。A fourth reason for cloning is that some scientist
15、s and farmers think it would be handy to clone, for example, a prize cow which can resist bacteria or disease, or to sow a cloned crop which can resist rot or pests. But to rely on a few cloned animals or crops would restrict the biodiversity of the breed.Finally, the latest research into DNA has helped solve crimes by analysing the suspects saliva which they spit at a crime scene or the dirt under their fingernails.handy/hndi/ adj.方便的，便利
