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1、英语单词的结构什么是词？词是能独立运用的、最小的、有语义的语言单位。就其句法功能来说，词可以分为功能词（function word）和实义词（content word）两类。功能词指的是没有完整词汇意义但有语法意义或语法功能的词，包括_、_、_、_、_、_等。实义词指的是本身有完整词汇意义的词，包括_、_、_、_等。英语单词是由字母拼写而成的，可以由一个字母组成一个单词，如_，也可以由 45 个字母组成一个单词，如：（n.肺尘病） 。英语单词的内部结构也不尽相同，让我们来分析以下三组词：1. book, books, bookish, bookcase2. tolerate, toleranc
2、e, tolerant, toleration, tolerable, intolerable3. telephone, telegram, telescope, telecommunication在第一组词里，book 可以再分吗？在第二组词中，tolerateanceationablein第三组例词中都有一个共同成分_, 意思是_,-phone 有声音的意思，如 microphone; -gram 往往表示书写或描绘出来的东西，如 telegram; -scope 表示“观察的仪器，镜” ，如 microscope.从上面的分析可以看出，如果撇出能不能独立运用这一点，词就不是最小的有语义的
3、单位，语言中最小的“语音和语义的结合体”称为“词素”(morpheme)。上述三组词中，除了 book 外，都是由两个或两个以上的词素组成的。什么是词素？二、派生 Derivation前缀前缀 含义 例词a- 处在 arise, aside, aloneen- 使可能 enrich, enable, enslavedis- dissatisfy, dishonest, disappear, disorder, disagreeun- unable, unknown, uncommon, uncomfortable, unfair, unclose, undress, uncover, unti
4、ein-im-ir-il-不，非 inactive, incapable, inpatient, incorrect impossible, impersonal, impolite, immature, impracticalirregular, irresponsibleillogical, non- 不，非 non existent, non-interference, non-conductor, non-stopde- 向相反方向发展 Decentralize（分散）, defrost（解冻）anti- 反（对） anti-freeze, anti-fascistmis- misdo
5、ings, misunderstand, misfortunere rewrite, remarry, reunite, recycle, co- 共同 co-exist, co-operate, co-educationex 以前的 Ex-husband, ex-presidenttele 远程 telephone, telegraph, telescopesuper- supermarket, superpower, under- underline, underestimate, underground, inter- 相互，之间 international, interact, int
6、er-changesub- 下，次 subtitle, submarine, subconscious, subcontinent, trans- 过，穿过，变 transformation(变形), translatevice- 副 vice-premier, vice-presidentsemi- 半 semifinal, semicircle, semi-automaticbi 两个 bicycle, biennial 两年一次的tri 三个 triangle 三角形, tricycle 三轮脚踏车, triplets 三胞胎multi- 多，多种 multiply, multi-nat
7、ional, multi-coloured，multiculturalkilo- 千 kilometre, kilogram 后缀 后 缀 例 词-er-ess princess, -or-ar beggar-ese Chinese, Portuguese, Japanese-ian musician, Egyptian, physician名词-ist communist, socialist, -ent/-ant assistant -ment argument, judgment, government-ness happiness, greatness, illness, coldne
8、ss, sleeplessness-tion-ing building, wedding, painting-ship leadership, friendship, hardship-age shortage, marriage, leakage-ty loyalty, cruelty, penalty, sixty, twenty, thirty, certainty-th truth, warmth, length, growth, fifteenth, fourth-ance acceptance, assistance, reliance, appearance-ence depen
9、dence, confidence, reference, entrance, defence-ful mouthful, handful, plateful, -al refusal, denial, arrival-y difficulty, possibility, -dom freedom, wisdom, kingdom-ism socialism, materialism注意： -ese, -ian, -ist 既可以构成名词，又可以构成形容词。-er 构成的名词，既有表示人的，又有表示物的。后 缀 例 词-al central, industrial, national, nat
10、ural-an European, American, Australian-ern eastern, northern, southern-able reasonable, horrible, terrible, believable, comfortable, forgettable, sensible-ful careful, cheerful, grateful, faithful, -ish childish, Swedish, selfish-ive destructive, collective, active, creative, effective-y thirsty, di
11、rty, windy, sunny, cloudy, healthy, funny-less careless, hopeless, helpless, homeless, sleepless, fearless, limitless-en golden, wooden, woolen-ous courageous, famous, continuous, serious, various-ary imaginary, revolutionary, secondary-ic realistic, historic, poetic-some troublesome, burdensome, lo
12、nesome, handsome形容词-like childlike, womanlike, manlike-ant ignorant, significant, observant, important-ent diligent, silent, excellent, frequent -ly lively, friendly, lovely, weekly, brotherly, motherly-ish childish, foolish后 缀 例 词-ize realize, modernize, mechanize, criticize, -en widen, strengthen,
13、 lengthen, sharpen, widen, shorten, quicken, deepen动词-fy Simplify, beautify, terrify, 后 缀 例 词-ward(s) forward, northward, backward, downward副词 -ly slowly, quickly, carefully, loudly, happily, friendlyMatch the right words from the right column with the words on the left. ( ) 1. enrich A. trying to f
14、ind jobs( ) 2. semicircle B. remove, get rid of ice, frost( ) 3. troublesome C. of, having, using imagination( ) 4. sharpen D. make or become sharp( ) 5. job-hunting E. half a circle( ) 6. limitless F. causing trouble( ) 7. imaginative G. make rich, improve in quality, flavour, etc.( ) 8. defrost H.
15、 without limitUse the appropriate form of the words to fill in the blanks. 1. The mother didnt know why her daughter was crying _. (noise)2. He was one of the best _ in yesterdays football match. (play)3. Look! How _ Kate is laughing! (happy)4. It snowed _ last night and now the streets are covered with snow. (heavy)5. Edison was a great _. During his life he had many _. (invent)6. More and more _ have come to visit China over these years. （foreign）7. We want _ reasons for your failure to help. (satisfy)8. Please give me some reference work. It will _ my task. (simple)9. The boy had the _
