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1、Chapter Six Language and Cognition,2,1. What is Cognition?,Mental processes, information processing Mental process or faculty of knowing, including awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgment.,3,The formal approach: structural patterns, including the study of morphological, syntactic, and lexical
2、 structure. The psychological approach: language from the view of general systems ranging from perception, memory, attention, and reasoning. The conceptual approach: how language structures (processes & patterns) conceptual content.,4,2. Psycholinguistics,Psychological aspects of language. Psycholog
3、ical states and mental activity with the use of language. Language acquisition, language production & comprehension.,5,Structural linguistics Cognitive psychology Anthropology Neurosciences,Related fields,6,Language acquisition (L1 / L2) Language comprehension Language production Language disorders
4、Language and Thought Neurocognition,Six subjects of research,7,2.1 Language Acquisition,Holophrastic stage Languages sound patterns Phonetic distinctions in parents language. One-word stage: objects, actions, motions, routines.,8,Two-word stage: around 18m,9,10,Three-word-utterance stage Give doggie
5、 paper. Put truck window. Tractor go floor.,11,Fluent grammatical conversation stage,Embed one constituent inside another: Give doggie paper. Give big doggie paper. Use more function words: missing function words and inflection in the beginning but good use (90%) by the age of 3, with a full range o
6、f sentence types. All parts of all language are acquired before the child turns four.,12,2.2 Language comprehension,Mental lexicon: information about the properties of words, retrievable when understanding language For example, we may use morphological rules to decompose a complex word like rewritab
7、le the first few times we encounter it and after several exposures we may store and access it as a unit or word. It means that frequency of exposure determines our ability to recall stored instances.,13,Connectionism: readers use the same system of links between spelling units and sound units to gen
8、erate the pronunciations of written words like tove and to access the pronunciations of familiar words like stove, or words that are exceptions to these patterns, like love. Similarity and frequency play important roles in processing and comprehending language, with the novel items being processed b
9、ased on their similarity to the known ones.,14,Cohort theory: Marslen-Wilson & Welsh (1978) The first few phonemes of a spoken word activate a set of word candidates that are consistent with the input.,Word recognition,15,Interactive model: Higher processing levels have a direct, “top-down” influenc
10、e on lower levels. Lexical knowledge can affect the perception of phonemes. There is interactivity in the form of lexical effects on the perception of sub-lexical units. In certain cases, listeners knowledge of words can lead to the inhibition of certain phonemes; in other cases, listeners continue
11、to “hear” phonemes that have been removed from the speech signal and replaced by noise.,16,Race model: Pre-lexical route: computes phonological information from the acoustic signal Lexical route: the phonological information associated with a word becomes available when the word itself is accessed W
12、hen word-level information appears to affect a lower-level process, it is assumed that the lexical route won the race.,17,Factors involved in word recognition: Frequency effect: the ease with which a word is accessed due to its more frequent usage in the L. Recency effects: the ease with which a wor
13、d is accessed due to its repeated occurrence in the discourse or context. Cotext: We recognize a word more readily when the preceding words provide an appropriate context for it.,18,Lexical ambiguity,All the meanings related to the word are accessed. Only one meaning is accessed initially.,19,Are yo
14、u engaged ? My friend drove me to the bank. They passed the port at midnight. Please give me a camel. 上课 做手术,20,The clerk (entering): Are you engaged? Augustus: What business is that of yours? However, if you will take the trouble to read the society papers for this week, you will see that I am enga
15、ged to the Honourable Lucy Popham, youngest daughter of. . . The clerk: That isnt what I mean. Can you see a female? Augustus: Of course, I can see a female as easily as a male. Do you suppose I am blind? (George Bernard Shaw: Augustus Does His Bit),21,Comprehension of sentences,Serial models: the s
16、entence comprehension system continually and sequentially follows constraints of a languages grammar Describe how the processor quickly constructs one or more representations of a sentence based on a restricted range of information that is guaranteed to be relevant to its interpretation, primarily grammatical information. Any such representation is then quickly interpreted and evaluated, using the full range of information that might be relevant.,22,Parallel models: emphasize that the com
