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1、Mechanics 技术性细节,系统工程 徐金阳,Mechanics,Small as we are, writing mechanics like capitalization and punctuation differentiate meanings and mark the basic layout of the writing.,() Capitalization,The first words of sentences, proper names and key words in titles.,1.The beginning of a sentence or a direct q
2、uotation sentence She is one of my best friends. He said,“My trip to Mount Tai was interesting.”,2.Commom words used as parts of proper names the Peoples Republic of China Childrens Day,3.Words derived from proper names Confucianism, Darwinism,() Capitalization,The first words of sentences, proper n
3、ames and key words in titles.,4.The first letter of designations of relatives before family names Uncle George, Grandma Lee,5.Almost all abbreviations UFO, VOA, NATO,USA Except a.m., p.m., etc., e.g., i.e.,6.On titles of works Interpretations of Robert Frosts “Fire and Ice” The Pain in Wearing High
4、Heels Do not: articles (a, an, the); coordinating conjunctions (and, but); prepositions unless they begin the title or contain more than four letters (until, after),Exercise 1,1. I may travel north, but my family will remain in the south.,I may travel North, but my family will remain in the South.,2
5、.My uncle was late. “where is uncle fred?” I wondered.,My uncle was late. “Where is Uncle Fred?” I wondered.,Exercise 2,1. In our High School, the vice-Principal was in charge of Discipline.,In our high school, the vice-principal was in charge of discipline.,2. A group called Project Bigfoot offers
6、a thousand-dollar reward to anyone finding the Skull, Hair, or Bones of the legendary Bigfoot.,A group called Project Bigfoot offers a thousand-dollar reward to anyone finding the skull, hair, or bones of the legendary Bigfoot.,() Punctuation,Serve two main functions: Separation of successive units
7、to clarify the sense of a paragraph Specification of language function,Most of the punctuation marks in English are similar to those in Chinese with only a few exceptions.,No: 、 ,Italics or underline,1.The period(.),The period is used at the end of a indicative sentence or a mildly imperative senten
8、ce to indicate the end of an integral sense.,Use a period with abbreviations: Dr. Espinoza arrived from Washington, D.C., at 6 p.m. Did you enjoy living in Washington, D.C. ? You pride yourself on your good home cooking,1.The period(.),2.The comma(,),1. The comma is chiefly used to clarify the sense
9、 of a sentence by separating equal items such as words, phrases, or clauses in a series, and by setting off modifiers or parenthetical words, phrases or clause. The exercise instructor told us to inhale, exhale, and relax.(separating equal items) The lecture was good, but few people were present.(se
10、tting off the clause),2. Nonrestrictive clauses and phrases are set off by commas: The Founders Bridge, which spans the Connecticut River, is falling down. Restrictive clauses and phrases are not set off by commas: Young people who have taken piano lessons enjoy going to concerts.,2.The comma(,),3.
11、Commas set off parenthetical elements: The machines you have supplied us, Im glad to tell you, work very well.,2.The comma(,),4. comma in dates A comma is used to separate the day from the year if the order is month/ day/ year (March 27, 1993). But no comma is needed if the order is day/ month/ year
12、 (27 March 1993),2.The comma(,),5. With numbers of 1 000 or over, commas or little blank spaces may be used to separate digits by thousands. From right to left, a comma is placed after every three numerals. 1,253,900 690 843 201 279,2.The comma(,),6. A comma is used to set off quoted elements. Lucia
13、 said, ” People live in cities but dream of the countryside.” Do not use a comma when giving an indirect quotation. Lucia said that people dream of the countryside, even though they live in cities.,2.The comma(,),7. A comma can be used to avoid confusion. Confusion: For most the year is already fini
14、shed. Clear: For most, the year is already finished.,2.The comma(,),3.The semicolon (;),The semicolon is used between coordinate phrases clauses which are not linked by a conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) but sometimes by logical connectors (however, for instance, nevertheless, etc.),Its
15、 getting late; wed better go home.(between clause ) Tension rose rapidly during yesterdays meeting; nevertheless, most of the Council members remained calm.(joined by logical connectors),3.The semicolon (;),4. The colon (:),(1) The colon is used to introduce a quotation or a statement. (2) The colon
16、 is used to introduce an explanation, a summary, or an appositive. He gave two reasons for his failure in the examination: poor health and insufficient time for preparation.,(3) The colon is used between the hour and the minute to show the time, to record the scores of games, to end the salutation of a business letter and the introductory remark of a speaker to the audience. at 11:30 China beat Japan 3:2 in the championships. Dear Mr. Johnson: Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Ge
