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1、非谓语动词,定义：在句子中不是谓语动词叫做非谓语动词在句中可起名词,形容词,副词的作用,在句中充当主语,宾语,表语,补语,定语或状语.即动词的非谓语形式除了不能独立作谓语外,可以承担句子的任何成分 形式：它有三种形式：不定式(to do)，分词（现在分词doing、过去分词done），动名词 (doing),非谓语动词（非限定动词）,非谓语动词特征： 1）无人称和数的变化。 2）不失去原意，可以加上自己的宾语或状语，构成非谓语动词短语。 3）否定式不用借助于助动词在谓语动词前加not 另外还有一些非动词的特征，相当于名词、形容词等，在句子里可以作这些词类所能用作的句子成分,非谓语动词在句中不能
2、单独作谓语动词。不受主语的人称和数的限制。,He likes to sing. They like to sing.,The man walking in front was carrying a book. The men walking in front were carrying books.,to do doing doing(分词) to be done being done being done,to have done having done having done,to have been done,having been done,having been done,to be
3、 doing,to have been doing,1 to do 短语作主语 To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. 动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句后，例如上面两句可用如下形式： It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. It means failure to lose your heart. 常用句式有：1、It+be+名词+to do。2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。3、It+be+形容词+of sb +to
4、 do。4、It+be+形容词+for sb.+to do。常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示赞扬或批评的形容词，不定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语。,例如,To do 作主语 To talk with her is a great pleasure. To learn from others is very important.,It is a great pleasure to talk with her. It is very important to learn f
5、rom others.,2.作 表语,Her wish is to become a famous singer. Our plan is to finish the work in two weeks.,3.作宾语,He wishes to go abroad to have a further study. We have decided to give them a hand. I want to watch TV. 常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, he
6、lp, agree, promise, prefer,I was the first woman to travel alone at the North pole. Shang hai is the first city in the world to have built a highspeed maglev train.,4.作定语,5 To do 作状语,表目的： He worked day and night to get the money. She sold her hair to buy the watch chain. 注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致： wron
7、g：To save money, every means has been tried. right：To save money, he has tried every means.,表结果： He arrived late to find the train gone. 常用only放在不定式前表示强调： I visited him only to find him out. A few years later he came home to find his home town changed. I hurried to the post office, only to find it w
8、as closed. 表原因： They were very sad to hear the news. 表程度：Its too dark for us to see anything. The question is simple for him to answer.,6. 作宾补,在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如 I want you to wash the car. 下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, forc
9、e, call on, wait for, invite. Her wonderful career inspires many people to believe success is within reach for everyone. What the teacher said encouraged us to try our best at our work,有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to, 如： I saw him cross the road. He was see
10、n to cross the road.,（二）动名词： 动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。 1动名词的形式： （1）一般式： Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。 （2）被动式： He came to the party without being invited他未被邀请就来到了晚会。 （3）完成式： We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。 （4）完成被动式： He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘记
11、五岁时曾被带到广州去过。,（5）否定式：not + 动名词 I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。 （6）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+ 动名词 He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。 His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。,2动名词的句法功能,（1）作主语： Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。 Collecting stamps is interesti
12、ng. 集邮很有趣。 当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语 Its no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的. Working in a company is my wish. hosing what to eat is no longer as easy as it once was.,（2）作表语： 1 In the ant city, the queens job is laying eggs. 在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。,2 A good way of saying “I am full ”is moving the hand in circles over the s
13、tomach after a meal. 3 My job is teaching you English.,（3）作宾语： They havent finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。 We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我们必须阻止空气被污染。 注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it，例如： We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。,I prefer w
14、atching TV and playing computer games. 要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语： enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承认），deny（否认）, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒险）, appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help（情不自禁地）, think of, dream of, be
15、 fond of, prevent(from),keep from, stop（from）,protectfrom, set about, be engaged in, spend(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like,（4）作定语： He cant walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。 Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你们学校有游泳池吗？,Eati
16、ng habits become part of who we are. They want to go to the reading room this afternoon.,三.分词的用法 (现在分词/过去分词),现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。 In the following years he worked even harder. 过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求，要一一记住。 Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。,三.分词的用法 (现在分词/过去分词),1.作表语 (具有形容词的特征）,This book is very interesting . This play is very moving and instructi
