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1、2019/1/16,1,pragmatics,The analysis of meaning in context 1 deixis and refernce指称和照应 2 speech Act theory 言语行为 3 cooperation and implicature 合作原则 会话含义 4the politeness principle礼貌原则 5 the principle of relevance关联原则,2019/1/16,2,Some important notions,1 sentence &utterance 我明天有考试. 火! 2abstract meaning &
2、contextual meaning 他是一头牛. 3natural meaning & unnatural meaning 打雷意味着要下雨了. /喝酒他的脸就发红. /他全身的斑点说明他得了麻疹.,2019/1/16,3,1他的脸红了./2三声铃响意味着下课 4 correctness &appropriateness正确性和得体性 1 open the door. 2 can you open the door.? 3 I want you to open the door. 4 would you please open the door.? 5 would you please po
3、ssibly open the door? 6what do people usually do after they enter in summer? 7 I feel its too hot.,2019/1/16,4,去机场. 你能载我去机场吗?,2019/1/16,5,context,Linguistic context &non-linguistic context Linguistic context: 1 春眠不觉晓,处处闻啼鸟.啊,这样的诗句真美. 2我还是那句话.我们俱乐部欠谁的,帐上有记录的,我们绝对不会赖帐,帐面上没记录的我们不理会.,2019/1/16,6,&non-li
4、nguistic contextsituational cultural ) 1你知道世界有多少个大洲,多少大洋? 那还用问吗? 2吃了吗? 吃了.上哪? 3good morning. Good morning . 4 怎么样? 诶,难办啦!,2019/1/16,7,Speech Act theory 言语行为,1 Austins model of Speech acts 2 Searls classification of speech acts 1 Austins model of Speech acts 1)performative &statative 2) Illocutionary
5、 act,2019/1/16,8,performative &statative,1 I do. 2 I name this ship Elizabeth. 3 I give and bequeath my watch to my brother. 4 I bet you sixpence it will rain tomorrow.,2019/1/16,9,Illocutionary act,locutionary act言内行为 / Illocutionary act言外之意 / perlocutionary act言后行为 Eg you have left the door wide o
6、pen.,2019/1/16,10,主持人对高明）,你今天坐在这里我稍微有点替你担心，因为我知道你北京大学读书的时候，听过肖灼基先生的课，如果今天我们的话题发生争论的话，你怎么能跟老师争呢？ 高 明：有这么一句话：吾爱吾师，吾更爱真理。 主持人：好，希望你青出于蓝而胜于蓝。大家都是消费者， 经常去购物，很好的购物心情因为遇到了假冒伪劣商品，于是心情就变糟了。 （中央电视台实话实说节目，“谁来保护消费者？”，1996年3月）,2019/1/16,11,“发现了局长所在的地方，他身边还有一位女子，最让人难堪的是他们的衣服都没在应在的地方。” （“中学发生大火，教育局长在车库里死得很尴尬”时代商报
7、2003年12月13日，,2019/1/16,12,“Hi，你好呀!This morning，我们对你的case进行了discuss，我们发现，这对我们没什么benefit。所以我们不得不遗憾地告诉你：与这件事相关的所有project都将被cancel掉。 （选自“中国IT人的时髦说话方式”， 广州日报，2001年2月20日,2019/1/16,13,“Sure ！ have a look see！”张先生打开橱门，请鸿渐赏鉴。鸿渐拿了几件，看都是“成化”、“宣德、“康熙”，也不识真假，只好说：“这东西很值钱罢？” “Sure！不少钱呢，plenty of dough。并且这东西不比书画。买书
8、画买了假的，一文不值，只等于waste paper。瓷器 假的，至少还可以盛菜盛饭。我有时请外国friends吃饭，就用那个康熙窑油底蓝五彩大盘做salad dish，他们都觉得古色古香，菜的味道也有点oldtime。”方鸿渐道“张先生眼光一定好，不会买假东西.张先生大笑道：“我不懂什么年代花纹，事情忙，也没工夫翻书研究。可是我有hunch；看见一件东西，忽然what d you call灵机一动，买来准O。K。他们古董掮客都佩服我, 我常对他们说：不用拿假货来fool我。O yeah，我姓张的 不是sucker，休想骗我！,2019/1/16,14,Theory of Conversatio
9、nal,A How is C going on. B oh，quite well I think.he likes his colleagues， and he hasnt been to prison . “你不戴眼镜的时候很漂亮” “我不戴眼睛的时候一定很丑了” A Lets go to movies. B.I have examination this morning.,2019/1/16,15,CP -Cooperative principle,Maxims of CP principle Quality Maxim质的准则 1 Dont say what you believe to
10、 be false. 2 Dont say that for which you lack adequate evidence. 中国是一个人口众多的国家. Syntax is more abstract than pragmatics.,2019/1/16,16,美国是中国的近邻. The sun goes around the earth. 1:Smoking is hazardous to ones health. 2 When will he be coming?(moral offence),2019/1/16,17,Quantity Maxim数量准则,1 make your co
11、ntribution as informative as is required. 2 Dont make your contribution more informative than is required. 今天中午吃的什么？/蛋炒饭 昨天上街买了些什么？/买了些东西。,2019/1/16,18,Is the exam difficult？ Not very actually.My mother teaches me to play the piano on the weekends， and my father cooks for us.,2019/1/16,19,Relation(R
12、elevance)关联准则,2019/1/16,20,Manner Maxim方式准则,Be perspicuous 清晰 1Avoid obscruity晦涩 of expression 2 Avoid ambiguity歧义 3 Be brief简练 4 Be orderly有序,2019/1/16,21,Manner Maxim : 1. He addressed and sealed the envelop. He sealed and addressed the envelop. 2 He shaved and listen to the radio. He shaved then
13、listen to the radio Time flies.,2019/1/16,22,Violation of CP Maxims,Lies are not implicature proper. Violated违反=upheld遵循,2019/1/16,23,Violation of Quantity Maxim : eg(letter for his past student for a lectureship in philosophy) Eg1 “Dear sir ,Mrs command of English is excellent,and his attendance at
14、 tutorial has been regular .yours”,2019/1/16,24,Quantity*Quality maxim,Eg 2 A.Where does C live? B.Somewhere in the south of France. Eg3 Boys are boys. War is war. (Violation of Quantity Maxim) Implicature,2019/1/16,25,A Where is X? B.Hes gone to library.He said so when he left.(Implicature) Violati
15、on of Quality Maxim He is made of iron. Every nice girl loves a sailor.(Implicature) 隐喻 夸张 反讽,2019/1/16,26,Violation of Relevant Maxim.,A: Mrs X is an old bag.(Appalled silence) B.The weather has been delightful this summer, hasnt it?(Implicature) violation of Manner Maxim A:Lets get the kids sth. B
16、 okey,but I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-AM-S. (OBSCRITY),2019/1/16,27,(ambiguity),Never seek to tell my love. Love that never told can be.” (brief) a.Miss X sang “Home sweet home” b: Miss X produces a series of sounds that corresponded closely with the score of “Home sweet home.”,2019/1/16,28,(order),They had a baby and got married They got married and had a baby 屡战屡败 Exercises: 1 I think he was married and had lioness at home. 2 A where have you been. B out 3
