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1、动词的时态和语态, 动词的时态：,时态是一种语言的手段，因语言的不同而有区别。英语时态以动词形式变化表示句中谈到的动作、状态的时间关系和说话的时间。,一般现在时的用法 表示经常性或习惯性的动作或存在的状态，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。 every, sometimes, often, usually, on Sunday I leave home for school at 7 every morning. He is alone. 2) 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。 The earth moves around the sun. 3) 表示格言或警句中。 Pride goes before
2、 a fall. 骄者必败。,4. 表现在的状态、能力、性格、个性。 I dont want so much. 。 Ann writes good English but does not speak well. I like singing. He believes he can achieve his goal one day. 5. 用在时间和条件状语从句中表将来 Ill participate in the game if it doesnt rain. Ill let him know as soon as he comes. 6. 表根据时间表的安排将要发生的事件，日程一般不可变更
3、，语气比较肯定。 The trains arrives at 18:40.,一般过去时的用法,1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。时间状语有： yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982 I stayed up last night, for I had a lot of homework to do. Where did you go just now?,2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。 When I was a child, I often played football in the st
4、reet. Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.,3）有时过去的时间隐含在情景里 I hardly recognized you, Marry. 4) 用在一些句型里： It is time you went to bed. I wish I were a bird. Id rather you came tomorrow., 比较： 一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。 Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
5、 Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。) ( 含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去), 一般将来时 1) 表示未来的动作或状态，常用will / shall + 动词 时间状语有：tomorrow，next week Ill go to your city tomorrow. 2) be doing，表计划的将来，但语气不及一般现在时肯定，安排可以变更。 He is leaving for America on business next month. 3) be going to do，表
6、示将来。 a.主语的打算、意图，即将做某事。 What are you going to do tomorrow? b. 有迹象要发生的事 Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.,4) be to do表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。 We are to discuss the report next Saturday. The doctor says the patient is not to be moved. 5) be about to do，意为马上做某事。 He is about to leave for B
7、eijing. 注意：be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。,2.be going to / will 的区别： 用于条件句时， be going to 表将来 will 表意愿 If you are going to make a journey, youd better get ready for it as soon as possible. Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mi
8、rror. 3.be to和be going to be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。 be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。 I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. (客观安排) Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排), 现在进行时, 现在进行时的基本用法： a. 表示现阶段或目前正进行的动作。 We are waiting for you. Mr. Green is writing another novel this month. (说话时并未在写，只处于写作的
9、状态。) b. 表示渐变的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。 The leaves are turning red. Its getting warmer and warmer. c. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。 You are always changing your mind.,典型例题 My dictionary _, I have looked for it everywhere but still_ it. A. has lo
10、st, dont find B. is missing, dont find C. has lost, havent found D. is missing, havent found. 答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，其影响仍然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。,过去进行时,过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某时段正在进行的动作。这一特定的时间可用时间状语连用。如：at that time; at 8 oclock; when 也可用上下暗示。 I was having breakfast at 7:30 this morning. They wer
11、e having a discussion the whole morning yesterday., 过去将来时：表示过去某一时刻以后将发生的动作和状态。如： Yesterday we decided that we should go to Shanghai next week. She said she would wait for me at the school gate.,现在完成时 构成： have (has) +过去分词。,现在完成时常与一些时间状语连用, 如：already; yet; by this time; just; ever; never; now; before;
12、 lately 等。,典型例题 (1) -Do you know our town at all? -No, this is the first time I _ here. A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming,（2)-Have you _ been to our town before? -No, its the first time I _ here. A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come,1)表示动作发生在过去，但对现在有影响。如： I have j
13、ust come back from America. He has already posted my letter. 2)表示动作或状态自过去某一时间开始，持续到现在，常与since，for等连用。如： He has been ill since last month. Her father has been dead for ten years.,I have received his letter for a month. I havent received his letter for almost a month. 注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不
14、发生的状态是可以持续的。,（wrong）,（right）, 过去完成时 构成: had +过去分词 1) 表示动作或状态发生在过去某一时刻或动作之前，即“过去的过去”。在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. The train had left before I got to the station. 2)表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示“原本，未能“
15、 We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.,3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。 He said that he had learned some English before. By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 注意： no sooner had than 刚 就 He had no sooner bought the car than
16、he sold it., 现在完成进行时：表示从过去的某一时刻始，一直延续到现在的动作。强调延续过程。如： He has been working at the school for 30 years. 他一直在这个学校工作了三十年。,用于现在完成时的句型 1）It is the first / second time. that结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。 It is the first time that I have visited the city. It was the third time that the boy had been late. 2）This is the that结构，that 从句要用现在完成时. This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。 This is th
