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1、Medical Microbiology,1,一、concept of microorganism:,二、type of microorganism:,1 acellular microbe 2 prokaryotic microbe 3 eukaryotic microbe,2,2,三、general properties of M:,1 tiny in size 2 simple in structure 3 active in metabolism 4 fast rate in multiplication 5 easy in variation 6 widely distributed
2、,3,四、relationship to human (一) C .N circulation in nature,4,5,1 pathogens 2 opportunistic pathogens,(二) in industry、agriculture、medicine,(三) make up of normal flora of human being,1 anti-pathogen 2 provide nutrients,(四) some M are pathogens,6,五、history: leeuwenhoek. 1676. microscopy (266 times ),7,8
3、,Pasteur (1822-1895 ):,9,1 yeast cells cause wines sour 2 pebrine caused by protozoan 3 spontaneous generation controversy,10,4 chickens: 42 , do not Acquire anthrax 37 ,do 5 vaccine for rabies,11,koch: (18431910),12,1 cultivation techniques 2 staining 3 isolated TB 4 Kochs postulates:,13, microbes
4、are observed in tissue specimens from dead animals; isolated and grown in pure culture; inoculated to a health animal; the disease is produced in the animal; then 1 then 2,14,15,16,17,18,六、object of medical microbiology: pathogens 七、why we study medical microbiology 八、how to study medical microbiolo
5、gy,19,Chapter 1 Morphology and Structure of Bacteria,Basic Principle of Microbiology,20,1 size and shape of bacteria,size: tiny um(1um=1/1000 mm) shape: coccus: diplo , strepto tetrads, sarcina, staphylo bacillus: spiral bacterium: vibrio spirillum,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,2 structure of bacterium,Struc
6、ture of Bacteria: Essential structure cell wall cell membrane cytoplasm nuclear material (nucleoid) Special Structure capsule flagella pilus spore,28,29,30,1 peptidoglycan: (1) a backbone (2) tetrapeptide side chains (3) cross bridges,一、Essential structure of bacteria,(一) cell wall:,31,32,2 teichoic
7、 acid (G+) (1) membrane (LTA) (2) wall ,33,a. Major surface Ag of G+ b. Regulating passage of ions into and out of G+ c. Binding bacterium onto host cell surface,functions:,34,(1) outer membrane . (2) LPS a. lipid A b. core polysaccharide c. O-specific polysaccharide,3 G-,35,36,37,表11 革兰阳性菌与阴性菌细胞壁结构
8、比较,38,(1) to form the external shape of B (2) to protect B from bursting due to high osmolarity: G- 56 G+ 2025 (3) A barrier to certain substances into and out of B (4) Take part in B multiplication (5) Associated with B antigenicity,4 Functions of CW,39,5 B with deficiency in CW (L Forms ): Bacteri
9、um L-forms: (B with deficiency in CW ):,40,41,1 pleomorphic 2 grow in 5% NaCl , 12-15% sucrose . 3 grow slowly ( 2-7d ) 4 antibiotics resistant cells . 5 “fried egg” colony 6 G+ , G- - L form G+ protoplast G- spheroplast 7 clinic significant,penicillin,lysozyme,42,Functions (1) Transportation (2) Re
10、spiration (3) Biosynthesis (4) Secretion Mesosome (1) Respiration (chondroid) (2) Take part in dividing of B,(二) cell membrane .,43,44,1 Ribosome 50S + 30S = 70S | | Erythromycin streptomycin 2 plasmid 3 cytoplasmic granules,(三) cytoplasm,(四) Nuclear material (nucleoid ),45,二、special structure of Ba
11、cteria capsule flagellum pilus spore,46,(一) Capsule :,47,48,49,1、chemical component: polysaccharide polypeptide 2、Functions of capsule: (1) against phagocytosis (2) adhesion (3) protect B from damage (against dry) glycocalyx,50,（二）Flagellum :,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,1 structure 2 chemical compositio
12、n: protein 3 Function:,(1) Motility (2) Antigenicity (HAg) (3) Associated with pathogenicity (4) Differentiation for B,59,（三）Pilus:,60,1. Common pilus: pathogenicity 2. Sex pilus: conjugation,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,2. sex pilus,71,72,Conjugation F+ F-,73,74,75,（四）spore:,76,77,78,炭疽菌芽胞,78,79,8
13、0,81,82,1 Formation and Germination 2 Functions of Spore high resistance ! to kill spore is an important index of autoclaving:121.3,15-20min,1.05kg /cm2,83,3 Morphology Detection and Cultivation of B,(light microscope, electron microscope) Non-staining Staining,一、 Morphology Detection of B,84,Crysta
14、l - Iodine - 95% Alcohol Violet - Safranin - microscope.,Gram stain,Acid fast stain,1min,30Sec,30Sec,1min,85,Chapter 2 Physiology of Bacteria (Physicochemical Properties of Bacteria),water inorganic salts carbohydrates proteins lipids nucleic acids,一、Chemical composition of B,86,二、physical propertie
15、s of B,optical property surface area charged phenomenon semi-permeability osmotic pressure,87,2 Growth of Bacteria,一 Types of Nutrition 1. Autotroph 2. Heterotroph 二 Adequate nutrients 1. H2O 2. Carbon source 3. Nitrogen source 4. Inorganic salts 5. Growth factors 三 Neutrient transportation of B,88,四 Condition for B growth and multiplication 1. Right and sufficient nutrients 2. pH 3. Temperature 4. Aeration 5. Osmotic pressure,89,1.obligate aerobe (专性需氧菌) 2.microaerophilic B (微需氧菌) 3.facultative anaerobe (兼性厌氧) 4.obligate anaerobe (专性厌氧菌) (lack of (1) and (2):,according to oxy
