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1、牛津高中英语语法复习牛津高中英语语法复习 语法复习一：定语从句 （一）定义 1)在复合句中（一个句子的某一成分由句子承当），修饰某一名词或代词从句叫定语从句 或形容词从句；在句中起定语的作用. 2)被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词 antecedent1) The man who lives next to us is a policeman. 先行词 关系代词 定语从句2) You must do everything that I do. 先行词 关系代词 定语从句 (二)：关系代词的作用; 1.连接主句和从句。 2.代表被修饰的先行词。 3.在定语从句做一个句子成分。eg. This is
2、the room which I lived in last year. 先行词 关系代词 定语从句 (三)：定语从句中有 关系代词 who, whom, whose, which, that, as. 关系副词 when, where, why 等引导定语从句。 （四）：用关系代词还是用关系副词 关系代词起代词的作用，关系副词起副词的作用，因此同样的先行词，选用什么样的关系 词，要由它在定语从句中担任的逻辑作用来决定。词行先行词充当成分who人主、宾、表Whom人宾That人若是指集体中的各个成员，则用 who。Mr. Smith came to visit my family, who w
3、ere watching TV then.Our class, which is a very good one, was praised again at the meeting.(3)当先行词有较长的 后置定语或者在被分割的定语从句中，宜用关系代词 who Pro. Wang is coming soon who will give us a talk on how to learn English. (4) 当先行词用-body 或-one 构成的复合不定代词时，关系代词用 who Wed better not believe in anyone who we dont know. (5
4、) 当先行词是一个限定性的表示人的特定名词时，常用 who The aunt/uncle who came to see us last week is my brothers sister. （七）“介词关系代词“是一个普遍使用的结构(1)“介词关系代词“可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词 关系代词“结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代 词只可用 whom 或 which,不可用 that 。其中 whom 代表人，which 代表物Who is the comrade w
5、ith whom you shook hands? He works in a factory, in front of which there is a river Give me the book the cover of which is red (the cover of which=whose cover) He is the man whose father is a teacher.=He is the man the father of whom is a teacher. This is the neighborhood from whom I borrowed the bi
6、cycle.(2) from where 为“介词关系副词“结构，但也可以引导定语从句（不常用）。例如：We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town （3）*关系代词前的介词如何确定？ A.依据定语从句中动词的某种习惯搭配Mr. Smith bought a new house on which he spent all his money. B.依据先行词的某种习惯搭配确定There was no way in which it could be bought back to the earth. ( in t
7、his way) C.根据所表达的意思确定The gas with which doctors can save the patients is called oxygen. The gas without which we can not live is called oxygen. (4)*注意关系代词的位置介词在关系代词前时，只能用 which 和 whom 不能用 that 代替，也不可省略；介词在 句尾时，关系代词可 which ,that ,whom, who,都行，而且还可以省略。 This is the drawer in which I put my letters.= Th
8、is is the drawer (which/that )I put my letters in. Have you seen the pen with which I wrote letters this morning? = Have you seen the pen (which/that) I wrote letters with this morning? 所以一个句子有时有多种用法 如：那就是他工作的大学This is the college at which he works. This is the college that/which he works at. This i
9、s the college where he works. 但像 listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of 等固定短语动词，在定语从句 中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如：This is the boy whom she has taken care of. This is the book which /that I am looking for. This is the girl I have been looking for the whole afternoon. （八） whose 引导从句的意义 1）指
10、人=of whom 表示所修饰的“某（些）人的用做所修饰的先行词的所有格。A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan. 2) 指物=of which 表所修饰的“某物的“I live in the room whose window faces south. I live in the room, the window of which faces south ( whose +从句 可以用“of which +从句”代替) （九）As 与 which 是有区别的 A) 相同之处： 都可以用来引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面的主句所表达的
11、内容。which 可做宾语或表语He failed once more in the match, which was a great pity. He succeeded in the composition, which made his parents very happy. B) 区别： 1）as 引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面中间或后面，一般用逗 号与主句隔开，但 which 所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如：1) As we all know, Galileos theory of falling objects is right. = Galil
12、eos theory of falling objects, as we all know, is right = Galileos theory of falling objects is right, as we all know. 2) He was thrown into prison, which got round throughout our village 3) As is expected, the England team won the football match. 4) The earth runs around the sun, as is known by eve
13、ryone. 5) He was late again, which made me unhappy 6) As you know, he is good at English. 2.） as 有“如” 、“正如”、“像”、“正像”的含义，which 没有。后面的谓语动词 多是 see, know, expect, say, mention, report 等。Bob did an excellent job, as we had expected. Our team won the game, which made us happy. As is known to all, Taiwan i
14、s part of China. We are facing the same problems as we did years ago. We are facing the problems which we faced years ago. We hope to get such a tool as he is using.We hope to get the tool which he is using. 3.) as 在引导限制性定语从句多与 such 或 the same 连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。the sameas such.as This is the same st
15、ory as he told me. I hope to get such a book as he is using 4).as 也可单独使用，引导非限制性定语从句，作用相当于 which。可代表一个句子。例如：The elephants nose is like a snake, as anybody can see. 5).as 做主语时， 其后必跟系动词，而 which 无此限制The meeting was put off, as was what we wanted. He was murdered, as seemed true. 6)as 引导从句时，从句语义必须和主句一致Sh
16、e was married again, which was unexpected She was married again, as was unexpected 7 7）the same as 与 the same that 的区别： 前者修饰的是原物同样的 而后者修饰的就是先行词This is the same watch as I lost.这和我丢的那一只手表是一样的。 This is the dame watch that I lost.着就是我丢的那一只手表。 （十）什么时候 that 可以省略？ 1) 引导同位语从句，主语从句，表语从句不能省略，且不做成分。The name “ whitewater ”comes from the fact that the water in these streams and rivers looks white when it moves quickly. Its known to all t
