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1、,Telecommunication 通 信,Probability Increasing in IT&T 火灾发生的概率正在IT及通信行业中增加,发热量,处理速度,设备密度,TIME,火灾发生的机率正日渐增加.,人员投放管理的时间,火灾发生的机率,IC集成密度,The Fire Risk for Telecommunication 电信业存在的火灾风险,Fires in Telephone Exchanges or Central Offices (1989 to 1998): 发生在电话交换机房或中心机房的火灾（1989 1998）Approx. 30% of fires caused f
2、lame damage beyond the object of origin 大约30%的火灾所造成的损害已经远远超出了燃烧本身所产生的破坏Over 60% of fires caused smoke damage beyond the object of origin 超过60%的火灾由于产生了大量烟雾而对处在火灾以外的物体造成了损害Over 45% of fires deemed to be too small to activate “Automatic Detection Equipment” or no detector present 人们发现，超过45%的火灾火势非常弱小而不能
3、触发“自动探测装置发出警报，或者场所内根本没有安装探测器,Source: IT Performance Engineering & Measurement Strategies: Quantifying Performance Loss, Meta Group, October 2000.,Consequence Increasing 火灾的影响有逐步上升的趋势,电信业,能源,制造业,金融,资讯科技,保险业,零售,药剂,银行,百万元,平均每小时对业务的影响,Smoke damage to components 烟雾对电气设备造成的损害,2nd International Fire Protec
4、tion Seminar Buenos Aires 1999 Telecommunication Facilities USA Federal Commission of Communications,95% of all damage within computer room facilities is non-thermal. 计算机房中全部损害的95%并非源于高温HCL Gas is Corrosive HCL是腐蚀性气体,How can we reduce this risk? 我们怎样才能降低这个风险呢？,Through detection of “thermal events” b
5、efore smoke is visible:通过对可见烟产生之前的发热现象进行探测 Overheating wire 导线过热 Fused circuit board components 电路板元件过热 Minimises damage: 将损害减至最低 Prevent Fire 防止火灾的发生 Prevent smoke contamination 防止烟污染 Prevent suppressants being used 防止灭火系统的启动,Smoke Obscuration 烟雾的遮光率,0.3m wire produced 0.0156 %/m 0.3米的电线过热产生的烟雾可达到0
6、.0156 %/m的遮光率,1000 m2 Room with 4.5m High Ceiling 1000平方米的房间天花板高度为4.5米,Testing for Very Early Warning 对于极早期预警系统的测试方法,Paper Basket Fire = 4 kW (UL standard test uses 3 sheets)废纸篓燃烧= 4 kW （美国UL标准测试使用3张纸） BS6266 (1m wire) = 1.0 kW英国BS6266标准（1米电线） = 1.0 kW VESDA Hot Wire Test = 40W VESDA过热电线测试= 40W Sing
7、le Resistor = 10 Watts单个电阻= 10 Watts,Design Criteria 设计时需要考虑的要素,Designer Must Consider 设计者必须考虑： airflow direction and air change rate 气流方向及换气率 coverage area per detector or sample point 每个探测器或采样点的保护面积 sensitivity required per sampling point 每个采样点所需的灵敏度 room size and characteristics raised floor, tal
8、l ceilings 房屋大小及特点- 如活动地板，高吊顶 annunciation of emergency response systems 紧急响应系统的通告 activation of mechanical control systems such as air extraction and suppression systems 启动机械控制系统，如排烟系统和气体灭火系统,Aspirating Smoke Detection for Telecom World Wide 全球电信领域空气采样早期探测规范,ASD Standards for Telecom WW,C&W Standar
9、d AT&T Standard Telstra Standard Optus Standard BFPSA ASD Code VFS ASD Code,Standards World Wide 国际通行标准,USA - NFPA 76 “Standard for the Protection of Telecommunications Facilities” 美国-NFPA76 “通讯设施防火标准” “Every type of sensor and port installed in a space shall be limited to a maximum coverage area of
10、 20 sq.meter “各种类型的探测器和端点在场所内安装时都必须限定在每个点的最大保护面积为20平方米的范围内” USA - NFPA 72 “National Fire Code” 美国-NFPA72 “国家火灾规范” area coverage for spot type detectors to be reduced within high airflow environments to as low as 11.5 m2 per detector for rooms that have 60 air changes per hour.在高气流环境下，当房间内的换气率达到每小时60
11、次时，点式探测器每个探头的保护面积要降至11.5平方米 British Standard - BS6266 英国BS6266标准 EDP equipment room (ceiling height above 3 metres), require a maximum spacing of 15-25 square metres (150 250 square feet) 电子数据处理设备间（天花板的高度大于3米）要求探测器的最大间距为15至25平方米（150至250平方英尺）,Industry Standards 行业标准,Factory Mutual - Property Loss Pre
12、vention Data Sheet (5-48) for Automatic Fire Detectors 厂商通用标准-预防财产损失一览表之自动火灾探测器（5-48）“A maximum coverage of 200sq. ft. (20 m2) per detector may be necessary where room air is changing at a rate of 20 air changes per hour or 100ft/min (0.5m/sec).“当房间内的换气率在每小时20次或100平方英尺/分（0.5米/秒）时，每个探头的最大保护面积为200平方英尺
13、（20平方米） 美国AT&T 通讯公司 20 ft.meter Maximum Spacing for Priority1 & Service Class 1 areas including (Telecommunications Equipment Areas, DC power rooms, Data Center/Computer Rooms & Cable Vaults)对于一级的场所，每个探头的最大保护面积为20平方米（包括通讯设备间，动力设备间，数据中心/计算机房以及电缆间） 美国Sprint Corporation 速跑通讯公司 “There shall be one (1) o
14、r more sampling points for every two hundred (200) square feet of floor area. The maximum floor area that each sampling port may cover is two hundred (200) square feet.“房间内每20平方英米的面积需要一个或多个采样点，每个采样点的最大室内保护面积为20平方米。” “Where ceiling and low elevation sampling points are required, sampling points shall
15、 alternate between ceiling and low elevations. There shall be one ceiling and one low elevation point in every 40 square meter of floor area.”“在需要天花板和低处的采样点时，采样点必须在天花板和低处之间交替安装。在房间内每40平方米就必须在天花板和低处各安装一个采样点。” 澳大利亚Telstra通信公司 VESDA specified for all Telephone ExchangesVESDA已被指定用于所有电话交换机房,例如使用20平米 4.5m
16、 x 4.5m Using 20m2 i.e. 4.5m x 4.5m,如果在高气流环境里安装探测器，为了确保灵敏度，应该减少间距，使得探头的保护面积在15-25m2，VESDA很容易做到。 If covering a computer facility with high airflows detector spacing should be reduced, this is to enable higher sensitivity levels. Detector spacing should be 15-25m2 VESDA is easily configured to meet these requirements.,
