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1、1,第五章 定语从句的译法,定语：限定、修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句。 He likes to drink cold milk. There is something wrong with the motor.前置定语: 短而简单 后置定语 ：长而复杂,后置定语,-位于名词或代词之后的定语科技英语：准确性+严密性-频繁使用后置定语,作定语的情况,1、介词短语 2、形容词(或其短语) 3、非限定词（不定时、现在分词、过去分词） 4、定语从句 5、同位语从句,1、介词短语作后置定语,翻译成“的”In general，ethers are good solvents for fats，waxes
2、and resins醚通常是脂肪、蜡、树脂的良好溶剂。,The gas from flask is washed with water to remove ammonia.烧瓶里出来的气体用/被水洗涤可除去氨。,All of the carbon-carbon bonds in benzene are alike and have properties intermediate between those of a single and a double bond苯中所有的碳-碳键都相似，具有介于单键和双键之间的性质。,Hydrocarbons that do not contain the
3、maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible are called unsaturated hydrocarbons 不含有最大可能氢原子数的烃叫不饱和烃。,3. 不定时、现在分词、过去分词,要从时态、语态两方面辨析,从时态上：现在分词-动作正在发生 过去分词-动作已经完成,从语态上：,现在分词表示的动作具有主动意义及物动词的过去分词表示被动意义； 不及物动词的过去分词不具有被动含义，仅表示动作已经完成,substitute,substituted group若substitute为及物动词，则译为“被取代的基团” 若substitute为不及物动词，则译
4、为“取代了的基团”，即“取代基”（表示动作已经完成）-根据上下文决定,Man was not the first living thing to communicate through the use of sound.不定式短语做后置定语，修饰living thing人并不是第一个用声音进行交流的生物。,The air is a material containing many kinds of gases.空气是含有许多气体的一种物质(现在分词短语作后置定语),The functional group of a ketone consists of a carbon atom connec
5、ted by a double bond to an oxygen atom酮的官能团是由一个通过双键与氧原子相连的碳原子组成的。 (过去分词短语作后置定语),4. 定语从句作后置定语,包括 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句 由： 关系代词(that,which,who,whom,whose,but,as) 关系副词(where,when,why,as等)引导,限制性定语从句,和所修饰的名词或代词(称为先行词)之间的关系十分密切，是先行词在意义上不可缺少的修饰说明语限制性定语从句的主句的含意是不完整的，要靠定语从句补充说明，全句概念才能表达清楚从句与主句之间没有逗号,非限制性定语从句特征,和先
6、行词之间的关系不很密切，不起限制作用，只加以补充说明 缺少了非限制性定语从旬，主句的意思仍然完整明确 定语从句与主句之间有逗号分开主要采取分译法，作为并列分句进行翻译,定语从句作后置定语译法,1.翻译成定语 -限制性 2.译成表示同等关系的并列分句 3.译成表示转折的并列分句 4.译成状语从句并列分句 5.由“as”引导的定语从句,限、非限,(1) 译成含“的”字定语-限定从,合译法：“的字结构放在被修饰词之前 把定语从句和主句合译成汉语的单句-适合于翻译结构不很长的 (最简单、常见的译法),Space and oceans are the new world that scientists
7、are trying to explore太空和海洋是科学家们努力探索的新领域。,Of all the forms of energy that we use，electrical energy is the most convenient我们使用的各种能量中，电能最方便。,Compounds have very different appearances from the element of which they are made.化合物的形态与构成它们的元素极不相同。,When fuels burn，they return once more to the simpler materia
8、ls out of which they were made燃料燃烧时，又转变成原来构成它们的那些更加简单的物质。,限制性定语从句省略了关系词，翻译时也同样采用合译法译成定语。如：The rate at which the molecules move depends upon the energy they have分子运动的速率取决于分子所具有的能量。(省略了关系代词which或 that),which that,(2)译成表示同等关系的并列分句,定语从句起着对先行词进一步说明的作用，往往译成并列分句，可加译“这”、该” 、“其、它、这”等词,An acid is a compound w
9、hose solutions can produce hydrogen ions酸是这样一种化合物， 其溶液能产生氢离子。,One of the homolog of benzene is toluene which is the raw material for the manufacture of the explosive苯的一个同系物是甲苯，它是制造炸药的原料。 homo- 同，相同,Between these two tiny particles，the proton and the electron，there is a powerful attraction that alway
10、s present between negative and positive electric charges在质子和电子这两个微粒之间有一个很大的吸引力，而这个吸引力总是存在于正、负电荷之间。,The elements themselves were changing，which was something that had always been thought impossible by all but the old alchemists.这些元素本身也在变化， 这是除了古代的炼金术士以外，人们认为不可能的事情。,ancient, antiquated,(3) 译成表示转折的并列分句
11、,当定语从句在意思上与主句相对照或语气转折时，可译成转折句。加译“而、但、却、可、是”根据上下文逻辑,Matter is composed of molecules that are composed of atoms that are composed of nuclear and electron.物质是由分子组成的，而分子又是由原子组成，（而）原子又是由原子核和电子组成的。,Mild oxidation of a alcohol gives an aldehyde which may be further oxidized to an organic acid.醇的轻度氧化生成醛，而醛能
12、进一步氧化生成有机酸。,Zinc can react with dilute hydrochloric acid，with which copper cannot锌能跟盐酸反应，但铜却不能。 (加上转折词但),(4) 译成状语从句,在意义上相当于表示原因、结果、目的、条件、让步等的状语从句时可加译“因为、虽然、只要、因而”等词,The problem，which is very complicated，has been solved这个问题虽然很复杂，但已经解决了。 (表让步),For any substance whose formula is known，a mass correspond
13、ing to the formula can be computed对分子式已知的任何物质，与分子式相对应的质量就能被计算出。不管什么物质，只要知道其分子式，就能求出与分子式相应的质量。 (表条件),The considerable success of these studies has brought a theoretical unity to the whole field of organic chemistry which has the effect of making its principles easier to teach and to learn这些研究的重大成就给有机
14、化学的整个领域带来了理论上的统一，从而使有机化学原理的教和学变得较为容易。 (表结果),(5)以as引导的限制性定语从句,值得注意关系代词as经常与such，the sameas as many, as much等配合，在从句中作主语、表语、宾语等译法较固定,Without rubber there would be no automobiles such as we have today如果没有橡胶，就不会有像我们今天这样的汽车。,由“as“引导的非限制性定语从句,相当于表示说话人态度和看法的插入语，一般译成状语从句： “正如”“正如那样”,As has been pointed out a
15、bove，solids do not expand as much as gases and liquids正如上面所指出的，固体的膨胀没有气体和液体的那么大,As we know，the molecules of gas move freely in all directions众所周知，气体分子向四面八方自由运动。,As can be seen from the picture As shown above-看图写作常用语,5.同位语从句: 作后置定语,同位语从句：说明前面的某个词（本位语） 主要由that，也用 whether / if （是否 ）引导，但没有词义，不作成份，只起连接作用
16、,本位语一般有：,fact, idea, theory, problem, doubt, truth, question, evidence等,同位语从句作后置定语,Have you any idea how fast sound travels?你知道声音传播的有多快？have no idea of do not know,分译,It goes without saying that oxygen is the most active element in the atmosphere.不言而喻，氧气是大气中最活泼的元素。,合译,He made the assumption that the electronic charges is numerically equal to the charge on a hydrogen.他假定电子的电荷数与一个氢离子的电荷数相等。,作 业,Copernicus, whose theory was not made public until after his death, believed that the sun was the center of the solar system.This explains the rule that like dissolves like.,
