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1、History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BCGreek naturalist and philosopher who theorized about learning, memory, motivation, emotion, perception, and personality. Ren Descartes: 1596-1650nOriginated the concept of Dualism, viewed mind and body as interactive machines. nStated that the mind could
2、 follow body and vice versa. nProposed the idea of both voluntary and involuntary behavior. nRuled out areas other than the brain for mental functioning.John Locke: 1632-1704nKnowledge should be acquired by careful observation. nNo innate ideas: all knowledge comes from experience or reflection.nMin
3、d is a blank slate written on by experience (tabula rasa).Charles Darwin: 1850snStudied the evolution of finches and expands his study to include humans. nOpposed religious teachings of the time by suggesting that man was a common ancestor to lower species.Birth of PsychologyWilhelm Wundt: Father of
4、 Psychologyn1879: Leipzig, Germany. nIntended to make psychology a reputable science. nMany American psychologists eventually went on to study in Leipzeig.Wilhelm Wundt: Father of PsychologynMost of his experiments on sensation and perception. nDid not think that high order mental processes could be
5、 studied experimentally. nTrained in medicine and philosophy. nWrote many books about psychology, philosophy, ethics, and logic.Can you read this?This is bcuseae the huammn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the word as a wlohe. Amzanig, huh?IntrospectionnLooking inward at ones own menta
6、l processes. nBecause it is not objective, it fails miserably.E.B. TitchenernWundts student. nTaught at Cornell University. Studied nature of mental experiences.nStructuralism: Analyze sensations, images and feelings into their most basic elements.William James: 1842-1910nClaimed that searching for
7、building blocks was a waste of time because brain and mind are constantly changing: focused on function. nFunctionalism. Underlying causes and practical consequences of certain behaviors and mental strategies: “Stream of Consciousness.”nExpanded psychology to animal behavior.Herman Ebbinghaus 1885Pu
8、blished classic studies on memory, nonsense syllables, learning curve.American Psychological Association (APA)Founded in 1892: the governing body of all research not conducted by universities.G. Stanley HallnFirst president of the APA, established the first psychological lab in the U.S. in 1883, at
9、Johns Hopkins University. nStarted the American Psychological Journal (1887) now the American Journal of Psychology.EclecticismnUtilizing of diverse theories and schools of thought. nMosaic, no single approach can create the whole picture. nUnlikely for psychology to ever have a unifying paradigm. n
10、Grand theories replaced by more specific ones.Present Day PsychologyBehavioristic theory: Expanded psychology into many groups that could not be studied by introspection. All behavior is observable and measurable. Abandoned mentalism for behaviorism.BehaviorismnIvan Pavlov, 1849-1936. nRussian exper
11、imenter who showed automatic/involuntary behavior in learned responses to specific stimuli in the environment. nCreated “Classical Conditioning.”BehaviorismnJohn Watson, 1913. nPsychology can never be as objective as chemistry or biology. Consciousness is not that easy. n“I can take a child and make
12、 him into anything, a beggar, a doctor, a thief.”BehaviorismnB.F. Skinner, 1950s. nDismissed importance of inherited traits and instincts about human behavior. Private events can be studied as long as they are treated as a form of behavior, many experiments with learning and memory. nBelieved that a
13、ll behavior is a result of rewards and punishments in the past.Behavioristic TheorynSocial Learning Theory: How people acquire new behaviors by observing and imitating others (modeling).nCriticisms: Excluded all behavior that cannot be seen. All behavior cannot be explained by rewards and punishment
14、s. Treats people like robots as if they have no free-will.Psychoanalytic TheorynAll behavior is meaningful, and much of it is controlled by digging below the surface to uncover the roots of personality.nSigmund Freud! (Da MAN!)Psychoanalytic TheorynSigmund Freud, 1856-1939. nStudied neurology, but w
15、anted to be a medical researcher, forced into being a private physician. nBecame convinced that patients difficulties were due to mental rather than physical problems. nProposed that distress due to problems that dated back to childhood.Siggy FreudnPsychoanalysis: Freuds method for treating people with emotional problems, free association.nUnconscious: Nearly al
