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1、单体有机物的命名 数字： Naming nonmetal oxides Using the Greek prefixes for both the number of oxygen atom and that of the other element in the compounds一氧化碳、carbon monoxide，氢化钠、sodium hydride ,Silicon dioxide、Silica, Sulfur trioxide, Carbon tetrachloride, 五氯化磷、phosphorus pentachloride, 二硫化碳、Carbon disulfide,
2、五氧化二 氮、nitrogen pentoxide, 氟化氢、hydrogen fluoride, Ammonium bromide, trifluoromethane、fluoroform, Carbon trifluoride, 碘化钾、Potussium iodide, 硼氢化 钠、钠硼氢、Sodium borohydride, 硼、boron1/2123456Hemi Semi-Mono Uni-di bisTri- TerTetra- QuadricPenta QuinqueHexa Sexi-78910111213Hepta Septi-octananoDecaHendeca Un
3、decadodecaTrideca14151617181920tetradec apentadecahexade caheptad ecaoctadecananodec aEicosa21222 330 405060He n i c o s aDoc o s aTr i c o s aTr i a c o n t aTetr a c o n t aPe n t a c o n t aHe x a c o n t a70809 010 013251He p t a c o n t aOct a c o n t aN o n a c o n t aH e c t aDotr i a c o n t
4、 ahec t aHe n p e n tac o n t a有机化合物命名（Organic Chemical Nomenclature） 1、Acyclic Hydrocarbons (脂肪族碳氢化合物) 命名 1.1 Saturated CnH2n+2(alkanes) a. ) Unbranched The first four members have semi-trivial names ( 俗名), Following the members of the series are given systematic names. In these names, the ending “
5、ane”is combined with the Greek (Latin) numerical term for the number of C- atoms, in the chain. Methane CH4 Ethane C2H6 Propane C3H8 Butane C4H10 Names of normal alkanes(n = total number of carbon atoms)100: Hectane; 132: Dotriacontahectane 51: henpentacontane CnH2n+1 radicals (alkyls) CH4methane; C
6、H3methyl ethyl- “ane”“yl” propane propyl; Butane butyl Pentane pentyl; hexane hexyl Heptaneheptyl; octane octyl Nonanenonyl; decanedecyl C33：tritriacontane 三十三烷,三十三碳烷 CnH2n radicals (alkylidenes, alkylenes) (1) “ane”“ylidene”(叉，亚基) H3C-CH= Ethylidene(乙叉，亚乙基) H3C-CH2-CH= Propylidene (2) A divalent ra
7、dical with two terminal yl(撑): “ane”“ylene” -CH2-: methylene; -CH2-CH2-: Ethylene （乙撑） (3) CnH2n-1 radicals CH（ylidyne，次基，“川”）methylidyne CH3 Cethylidyne（次乙基，乙川） b) Branched Saturated branched acyclic hydrocarbon is named by (1) choosing the longest main chain; and (2) prefixing the designations of
8、the side chains to the name of the main chain (in alphabetical order)3-ethyl-2,7-dimethyl-4-propyloctan 2,3,5-trimethylhexane Dimethylpentyl ethyl 1.2 Unsaturated 1.2.1 CnH2nAlkenes (Alkadienesetc) CnH2n-2Alkynes (Alkadiynesetc) Alkanealkene(alkadiene) : “ane”“ene”(adiene) Alkanealkyne(alkadiyne) :
9、“ane”“yne”(adiyne)Retained trivial names RadicalsCyclic hydrocarbons 在相同碳原子数的烷烃名称前面加“cyclo”(饱和单环化合物) Free valenceEther (醚) （Prefix: oxy; ether）Alcohol (phenol) （醇，苯酚）Suffix for principal group, OH: -ol(prefix: hydroxy) H3COH: methanol (methyl alcohol) H3C-CH2OH: Ethanol (Ethyl alcohol)Ketone(酮) Suff
10、ix : one; Prefix: oxo-Aldehyde(醛) Suffixes: -al, aldehyde, (Prefix : oxo, formyl)CarboxylicAcids (a)The atom =O and the group OH on one and the same carbon atom are together denoted by a suffix “-oic”attached to the name of the parent aliphatic chain and the word “acid ”is added thereafter. “ane”“an
11、oicacid”常见有机酸在英文中常用俗名，系统名称反而不被采用。 b.The group COOH is treated as a complete substituent, denoted by the ending, “carboxylicacid”, which includes the carbon atom of the carboxyl group. -COOH: “carboxylic acid”Di (tri)carboxylic acids Acid anhydrides “acid”“anhydride” (CH3CO)2O : Acetic anhydride;Acyl
12、halides (酰卤) “ic”“yl”; “Carboxylic”“Carbonyl” CH3COClAcetyl chloride C6H5COF BenzoylfluorideButanoicacid butanoylhalide (butyrylchloride)Ester (酯) The esters are named by the “yl/ate”method. First, the alcohol in the form of the hydrocarbon radical remaining after elimination of the OH-group is name
13、d, followed by the acid in its anion form. The procedure gives rise to a name of the form: radical + anion. Alcohol (yl) + Acid (ate) (oicacid oate; icacid ate) CH3CH2CH2COOCH2CH3Ethyl butanoate Carboxylic acid amides (酰胺) “oicacid”“amide”; “icacid”“amide” “Carboxylic acid”“carboxamide”Amine 1.Primary amines Suffix: amine; Prefix: amino H5C2NH2 Ethylamine H2N(CH2)6NH2 Hexamethylenediamine H2NCH2CH2OH 2-Aminoethanol H2N(CH2)5COOHNH2 6-Aminocaproic acid 6-Aminohexanoic acidAniline; phenylamine; aminobenzene Secondary amines
