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1、Ice hockey Ice hockey (hockey in countries where it is the most popular form of hockey) is a team sport played on ice, in which skaters use sticks to direct a puck into the opposing teams goal. It is a fast-paced physical sport. Ice hockey is most popular in areas that are sufficiently cold for natu
2、ral reliable seasonal ice cover, such as Canada, the northern United States, the Nordic countries (especially Sweden and Finland), Russia, Latvia, the Czech Republic, Switzerland, and Slovakia. With the advent of indoor artificial ice rinks it has become a year-round pastime in these areas. Ice hock
3、ey is one of the four major North American professional sports. Worldwide the National Hockey League (NHL) is the highest level for men and both the Canadian Womens Hockey League (CWHL) and the Western Womens Hockey League (WWHL) are the highest levels for women. It is the official national winter s
4、port of Canada, where the game enjoys immense popularity. While there are 68 total members of the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF), 162 of 177 medals at the IIHF World Championships have been taken by seven nations: Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden and the Unit
5、ed States. Of the 64 medals awarded in mens competition at the Olympic level from 1920 on, only six did not go to the one of those countries. All twelve Olympic and 36 IIHF World Women Championships medals have gone to one of those seven countries, and every gold medal in both competitions has been
6、won by either Canada or the United States. History From oral histories, there is evidence of a tradition of an ancient hockey-like game played among the Mikmaq First Nation in Eastern Canada. In Legends of the Micmacs (1894), Silas Rand describes a Mikmaq ball game people called tooadijik. Rand also
7、 describes a game which was played (likely after European contact) with hurleys, called wolchamaadijik. European immigrants brought various versions of hockey-like games to Canada, such as the Irish sport of hurling, the closely related Scottish sport of shinty, and versions of field hockey played i
8、n England. Where necessary, these seem to have been adapted for icy conditions. Early paintings show “shinney“, an early form of hockey with no standard rules, being played in Russia. Thomas Chandler Haliburton, in The Attache: Second Series, published in 1844, reminisced about boys from Kings Colle
9、ge School in Windsor, Nova Scotia, playing “hurly on the long pond on the ice“ when he was a student there, no later than 1810. To this day, shinny (or shinney) (derived from Shinty) is a popular Canadian term for an informal type of hockey, either on ice or as street hockey. These early games may h
10、ave also absorbed the physically aggressive aspects of what the Mikmaq in Nova Scotia called dehuntshigwaes (lacrosse). Ye Gude Olde Days, from Hockey: Canadas Royal Winter Game, 1899. In 1825 Sir John Franklin wrote that “The game of hockey played on the ice was the morning sport“ while on Great Be
11、ar Lake during one of his Arctic expeditions. In 1843 a British Army officer in Kingston, Ontario in Upper Canada, wrote “Began to skate this year, improved quickly and had great fun at hockey on the ice.“ An article in the Boston Evening Gazette, in 1859, makes reference to an early game of hockey
12、on ice occurring in Halifax in that year. The first recorded hockey games were played by British soldiers stationed in Kingston and Halifax during the mid-1850s. In the 1870s, the first known set of ice hockey rules were drawn up by students at Montreals McGill University. These rules established th
13、e number of players per side to 9 and replaced the ball with a wood puck. Based on Haliburtons writings, there have been claims that modern ice hockey originated in Windsor, Nova Scotia, by Kings College students and was named after an individual, as in “Colonel Hockeys game“. According to the Austi
14、n Hockey Association, the word puck is derived from the Scottish and Gaelic word “puc“ or the Irish word “poc“, meaning to poke, punch or deliver a blow. This definition is explained in a book published in 1910 entitled “English as we Speak it in Ireland“ by P. W. Joyce. It defines the word puck as
15、“. The blow given by a hurler to the ball with his caman or hurley is always called a puck“. Foundation of modern ice hockey While the games origins may lie elsewhere, Montreal is at the center of the development of the modern sport of ice hockey. On March 3, 1875 the first organized indoor game was
16、 played at Montreals Victoria Skating Rink between two sides of nine-player teams including James Creighton and several McGill University students. This game featured the use of a puck to keep it within the rink; the goals were goal posts 6 feet apart, and the game lasted 60 minutes. In 1877, several McGill students, including Creighton, Henry Joseph, Richard F. Smith, W. F. Robertson, and W. L. Murray codified seven ice hockey rules, based on the rules of field hockey. The first
