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1、动词的语态 被动语态的应用 I.被动语态的构成形式 1. 被动语态的基本时态变化 被动语态通常为十种时态的被 动形式, 被动语态由 be过去分 词 构成，be随时态的变化而变化。各种时态的被动语态形式:(以 do为例) 一般现在时 am / is / are +done (过去分词). 如: Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. 现在完成时 has /have been done. 如: I have been cloned.All the preparations for the task have been completed,
2、 and we are ready to start.3）现在进行时am/is /are being done 例:一座新的电影院正在这儿被建起.4）一般过去时 was/were done 例: I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.A new cinema is being built here5）过去完成时 had been done 例: By the end of last year, another new gymnasium in Beijing. (complete)6）过去进行时w
3、as/were being done 例:A meeting was being held when I was there.had been completed7）一般将来时 shall/will be done 例: Hundreds of jobs if the factory closes.8）过去将来时 should/would be done 例: The news would be sent to the soldiers mother as soon as it arrived. will be lost9）将来完成时（少用） shall/will have been done
4、 例: The project will have been completed before July. 10）过去将来完成时（少用） should/would have been done 例: He told me that my new clothes would have been made very soon. 2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式 1)带情态动词的被动结构, 其形式 为： 情态动词be过去分词。 例: The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter. 翻译: 他说错误一定要及时改正.He said that
5、 the mistakes must be corrected in time.2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语, 在用于被 动结构时, 可以把主动结构中的一个 宾语变为主语, 另一宾语仍然保留在 谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾 语. 例:His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为: He was given a present by his mother for his birthday. 或改为: A present was given to him by his mother for his birthday.3) 当 “动词+宾
6、语+宾语补足语” 结 构变为被动语态时, 将宾语变为被 动结构中的主语, 其余不动。例:Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. The boy was caughtsmoking a cigarette. They painted the door green. The door was painted green.4）在使役动词have, make, get以及 感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语 补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要 省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to 。 例:
7、She saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为: A stranger was seen to walk into the building (by her). His father made him to study. He was made to study (by his father).5) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组 ，如“动词介词”，“动词副词” 等，也可以用于被动结构，但 要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开 。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。 例: The meeting is to be put off till Friday. We a
8、re looking after a little boy. A little boy is being looked after.3. 非谓语动词的被动语态 v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有 被动语态(一般时态和完成时态) 。 例: I dont like being laughed at .C The meeting _ tomorrow is very important.A. heldB. being heldC. to be heldD. will be held二、 如何使用被动语态 学习被动语态时,不仅要知道被 动语态的各种语法结构,还要知道在 哪些情况中使用被动语态
9、。 1. 讲话者不知道动作的执行者或 不必说出动作的执行者 (这时可 省 by 短语)。 例: My bike was stolen last night. 2. 借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者 。 例: I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.3. 为了更好地安排句子。 例: The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. （一个主语 就够了） 三.It is said that +从句及
10、其他类似句型一些表示“据说”或 “相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say,suppose, think 等可用于句型“Itbe过去分词that从句” 或 “主语be过去分词to do sth.”It is said that据说, It is reported that据报道， It is believed that大家相信， It is hoped that大家希望， It is well known that众所周知， It is thought that大家认为， It is suggested that据建议。 例: It is sa
11、id that the boy has passed the exam. The boy is said to have passed the exam. 四.谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义1.英语中有很多动词如break, catch, clean, drive, lock, open, sell, read ，write, wash等, 当它们被用作不 及物动词来描述主语特征时，常 用其主动形式 表达被动意义,主语 通常是物。例: This kind of cloth washes well. 6. 注意：主动语态表被动强调的是 主语的特征，而被动语态则强 调外界作用造成的影响。试比 较：
12、 The door wont lock. (指门本身有毛病) The door wont be locked. (指不会有人来锁门, 指人为的原因）2. 表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词 和短语, 如: happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意 义。 例: How long did it last? Great changes have taken place in Shanghai in the last few yea
13、rs. I wish my dream would come true.3. 系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表示 感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, smell, feel等在主系表结构中 常以主动形式表示被动意义。 例:Your reason sounds reasonable. * 注意区分它们作 行为动词时可以被动: An air of depression was felt.五、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意 义在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式 的主动形式表被动意义 。 1 在need，want，require等词的后 面, 动名词用主动形式表示被动意义, 其含义相当
14、于动词不定式的被动形式 。 例: The house needs repairing.to be repaired 2. 形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动 形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词 不定式；而worthy后面跟动词不定 式的被动形式。 例: The book is well worth reading The book is well worthy to be read） 3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不 定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又 和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关 系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含 义。 例: I have a lot of things to do this
15、afternoon(to do与things是动宾关 系，与I 是主谓关系。)试比较：Ill go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此处用不定式的被动语态作定语 表明you不是post动作的执行者。)三、强调宾语4. 在某些“形容词不定式”做表语或 宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语 或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语 时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表 达被动意义。这些形容词有nice, easy, fit, hard, difficult, important, impossible, pleasant, interesting .例 : English is easy to be learned. English is easy to learn. 这道题很难解出. This problem is difficult to work out . (for me)5 在too to结构中，不定式前面可加 逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动 意义。例:This book is too expensive (for me) to buy. 6. 在be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应 用主动表主动, 被动表被动。然而,由于 古英语的
