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1、Chapter 2 Translation on Lexical LevelV. The Translation of Empty WordsPossible Translations 世界上第一代博物馆属于自然博物馆，它是通过化石 、标本等向人们介绍地球和各种生物的演化历史。 The first generation of museums are what might be called natural museums which, by means of fossils, specimens and other objects, introduce to people the evolut
2、ionary history of the Earth and various kinds of organisms. The first generation of museums belong in natural museums, which give people introductions to the evolutionary history of the earth and kinds of organisms by way of fossils, specimens and so on.Possible Translations 第二代属于工业技术博物馆，它所展示的是工 业文明
3、带来的各种阶段性结果。 The second generation belong in industrial and technological museums, which illustrate various phased achievements that industrial civilizations bring us. The second generation are those of industrial technologies which present the fruits achieved by industrial civilization at different
4、stages of industrialization. Possible Translations 这两代博物馆虽然起到了传播科学知识的作用 ，但是，它们把参观者当成了被动的旁观者。 Those two generations of museums serve to spread scientific knowledge, but they have viewed visitors as passive bystanders. Despite the fact that those two generations of museums help to propagate scientific
5、 knowledge, they nevertheless treat visitors merely as passive viewers. Possible Translations 中国科技馆正是这样的博物馆！ The Chinas Museum of Science and Technology is precisely one of them. 它汲取了国际上一些著名博物馆的长处 ，设计制作了力学、光学、电学、热学 、声学、生物学等展品，展示了科学的 原理和先进的科技成果。 Possible Translations It has drawn strengths from many
6、internationally famous museums, designed and manufactured exhibition works for mechanics, optics, electrical science, thermology, acoustics, and biology, and demonstrated scientific principles and advanced sci-tech fruits. It has incorporated some of the most fascinating features of those museums wi
7、th international reputation. Having designed and created exhibits in mechanics, optics, electrical science, thermology, acoustics, and biology, it demonstrates scientific principles and presents the most advanced scientific and technological achievements. Revision Questions We can classify four-char
8、acter phrase into four. WHAT are they? Suppose our translation aim is to transmit the essence of our Chinese culture into English speaking readers. WHICH translation method should we choose, literal or free translation? WHAT is our chief strategy for advertising translation? In class we have summari
9、zed four techniques for the translation of four-character phrases. WHAT are they?Introduction to Empty Words 从语法功能上来看，汉语的词可分为两类，即实词和 虚词。 实词表示具体概念，能单独充当句子成分，包括名、 动、形、数、副、代、量。 虚词不表示具体概念，不能单独充当句子成分，包括 助、连、介、叹。 尽管虚词无具体概念，但与实词连用，能更清楚、更 准确地表达语言符号之间的关系、语气和情感。 汉语虚词通常一词多译。Examples on the translation of empty
10、 words 1、“的”的英译 “的”字可译成名词、代词、名词加从句、名词 加分词、谓动加状语、代词加名词、形容词加 名词、从句等。 凡是存在的未必全是合理的。 Whatever exists is not all right 他说他的，你干你的。 Let him say what he likes；you just get on with your work Examples on the translation of empty words 2、“得”的英译 （1）“得”表示许可的英译：表示许可时，多 以“不得“的形式出现。一般可译作英语情态动 词，也可按照英语习惯用法来译。 这笔钱非经批
11、准不得动用。 This fund may not be drawn on without permission Examples on the translation of empty words （2）“得”表示可能、能够的英译：汉译英时 ，可利用can (could)，be able to，be capable of，也可借助带后缀-able或-ible表 示可能的形容词。 这次踢主场，咱们可输不得。 This time we are the host team，and we cant afford to lose the game （3）“得“表示程度、结果的英译：表示程度 、结果的“得
12、“英译时，方法比较多。 Examples on the translation of empty words 例子多得不胜枚举。 Instances are too numerous to list 3、“着”、“了”、“过”的英译（时态助词） （1）“着”的英译：“着”表示持续，一般与英 语进行体对应。 她听着音乐睡着了。 She fell asleep while listening to music Examples on the translation of empty words （2）“了”的英译：“了”的基本意义是表示动 作或状态的完成，多与过去时或完成体对应。 水位已上升到了警
13、戒水位。 The water level has risen to the warning stage 此外，“了”附加在形容词后表示既成事实，英 译时，可用比较级转换。 长大后，他出息了好多。 He became more agreeable when he grew upExamples on the translation of empty words (3) “过”的英译: “过”表示一度或曾经发生的 行为或状态，表明主语的一种经验，多与英语 现在完成体对应。 他经历过的世事太多了，不可能不痛感于斯。 He has seen only too much of life to feel
14、it keenly 4、“把”的英译 Examples on the translation of empty words 他们还没把保税仓库的设计做好。 They havent got the design of the bonded warehouse ready. 那位“香港小姐”的风采把大家迷倒了。 The elegant demeanor of the Miss Hong Kong enchanted all present 不要把书上的一切都奉为金科玉律。 Dont accept all youve read from books as infallible as law Exam
15、ples on the translation of empty words 5、表示强调的汉语语气词的英译 在对表示强调的语气词进行英译时，除采用表示强调 的英语词汇外，还可以利用倒装或强调句式等句法手 段。 他可不就是白手起家的么。 Indeed he simply built up from nothing 他们不仅抢劫了你的钱财，还把东西都砸了呢。 Not only did they rob you，they smashed everything，tooExamples on the translation of empty words 6、时间副词的英译 很多情况下，汉语时间副词可转换成英语的时 态。 这几年我们一直强调科技在农业发展中的作用 。 For years we have been stressing the important role of science and technology in the development of agriculture 升旗仪式就要开始了。 The flag-raising ceremony is about to startExamples on the translation of empty words 7、表示强调的语气副词的英译 这类词有“可、
