句法差异形合与意合

《句法差异形合与意合》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《句法差异形合与意合（35页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。

1、Comparative studiesComparative studies1. 语义的差异 2. 语法的差异 3. 句法的差异 4. 思维的差异 Page17, 孙致礼整体综合与细节分析synthetic vs analytical. 中国人习惯于概括综合,整体把握,不强求形 式分析与逻辑推理; 英语国家的人重个体成分的独立作用及相 互关系,强调形式分析和规则的制约.In thinking:3. 句法的差异： 形合(hypotaxis / hapotactic) 与意合(parataxis / paratactic)Hypotaxis: The dependent or subordinat

2、e construction or relationship of clauses with connective, for example, I shall despair if you dont come. (The American Heritage Dictionary)形合：句中的词语或分句之间需要一种语言形式手段(如 关联词)连接起来，表达一定的语法意义和逻辑关系。3. 句法的差异： 形合(hypotaxis/hapotactic)与 意合(parataxis/paratactic)意合：词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段进行连接，句 中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义来表达

3、。 英语：明示(overt cohesion) 汉语：隐含(covert coherence)Parataxis: The arranging of clauses one after the other without connective showing the relation between them. Example: The rain fell; the river flooded; the house washed away.形合:英语的句子通常以主谓结构为主干，以谓语动 词为中心，借助诸如分词、介词、连词、关系代词、 关系副词之类的连接手段，把句子的其他各个语法成 分层层搭架，

4、呈现出由中心向外扩展的“分岔式或空间 式”结构。 意合:汉语意合句则是按时间的先合顺序,即通过多个 动词的连用或流水句形式,按时间顺序和事理推移的方 法,一件一件交代清楚,一层一层铺开,呈现的是一个时 间顺序的流水图形式. (Refer to Ex 2: 21)1. 注意形式 vs 注意达意 形合: Lets go home, as it is late. 意合:已经晚了,我们回去吧.1. 注意形式 vs 注意达意 意合:我常见许多青年的朋友，聪明用功， 成绩优异，而语文程度不足以达意，甚至写 一封信亦难得通顺，问其故曰其兴趣不在语文 方面。(梁实秋学问与趣味) 形合: I have come

5、 across a great many bright and diligent young friends who have done exceedingly well in their studies, but are rather weak in Chinese. They cannot even write a letter in correct Chinese. When I asked them why, they said they were not interested in the Chinese language.2. 词形变化组句 vs 多个动词按时间顺序组句. 形合:

6、He jumped up and hastened to the mirror in the bathroom, taking away the towel to examine the cut upon his cheek. 意合:他跳起来,连忙跑到卫生间的镜子前,拿起毛巾, 仔细察看脸上的伤口. 月亮故乡好,故乡好月亮.月好亮故乡,故乡月好亮. “有什么可吃的?” “您老,吃什么有什么.” “有什么吃什 么!”3. 英语多倒装句与汉语的不存 在倒装句. 形合: Never did I see him so angry. 意合:我从来没见到过他这么生气. 形合: Little does he

7、 know how much suffering he has caused. 意合:他就不大知道他给别人造成了多大的痛苦. E: do, does, did; C: 一般词序不变,只增加某些词而已.4. 空间搭架 vs 时间顺序的流水形图式. 形合: 复合句 意合:连动句 E: Refer to Ex 2: sentence 21. sentence 224. 空间搭架 vs 时间顺序的流水形图式. E:可以打破先后顺序或采取灵活的词序. 意合:注重动作的先后次序与因果的前后关系. 形合: After I had my dinner, I went for a walk. (I went f

8、or a walk after I had my dinner.) 意合:我吃过晚饭后出去散了散步. 21. Dr. Smith (1) resumed重新开始the activities of anti-cancer experiment (2) begun in 1945 and (3)financed by the Federal government as soon as he (4) snapped 突然断裂from (5) his original disappointment at (6) repeated failures, which has (7) resulted in

9、its forced suspension暂停. 史密斯医生于(2) 1945年开始着手(3)由联邦政府资助的 抗癌实验。他由于(6)屡遭失败而(5)感到沮丧， (7)被迫 终止了实验工作, (4)现在他又重新振作起来， (1)恢复了 抗癌实验活动。n22. (1) They (the poor) are the first to experience technological progress as a curse (2) which destroys the old muscle-power jobs (3) that previous generations used as a mea

10、ns to fight their way out of poverty. (recasting)n(3)对于以往几代人来说，旧式的体力劳动是一种用以 摆脱贫困的手段， (2)而技术的进步则摧毁了穷人赖以 为生的体力劳动。 (1)因此，首先体验到技术进步之害 的是穷人。n24. (1) The secret of the moon remained unveiled除 去.的面纱 until the latter half of the twentieth century due to the lack of lunar space carrier, (2) for a series of q

11、uestions concerning fuel, material, safe landing, propelling mechanism and particularly electronic computation etc. were too intricate复杂的, 错综的 to solve under the technical conditions early in this century, (3) which have since been undergoing profound change and greatly improving. (reversing /insert

12、ing) n(3) 20世纪初，技术条件产生了深刻的变化，有了极大的改进 。 (2)但在当时的技术条件下，燃料、材料、安全着陆、推进装 置，特别是电子计算等一系列的问题都 过于复杂，难以解决 ，没有登月运载工具。 (1)因此直到20世纪后期才揭开月球的秘 密。6. (1) Plastics is made from water (2) which is a natural resource inexhaustible and available everywhere, coal (3) which can be mined through automatic and mechanical pr

13、ocesses at less cost and lime (4) which can be obtained from the calcinations煅烧 of limestone石灰石 widely present in nature. (cutting)n(1)塑料是由水、煤和石灰制成的。 (2)水是取之不尽的 到处可以获得的天然资源； (3)煤是用自动化和机械化 的方法开采的，成本较低； (4)石灰是由煅烧自然界中 广泛存在的石灰石得来的。ExerciseExercise1. 她不老实,我不能信任她. 2. 人不犯我,我不犯人.(attack ) 3. 不知苦中苦,哪知甜中甜? 4.

14、 狼披着羊皮还是狼.(wolf; in sheeps clothing) 5. 玩火自焚. 6. 他不来，我不去。 7. 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。 8. 吃苦在前，享受在后。 9. 物极必反。 王琼 page 55-601.Because she is not honest, I cant trust her. 2. We will not attack unless we are attacked. 3. If you have never tasted the bitterness of gall胆汁, how can you know the sweetness of honey? 4. A

15、 Wolf remains a wolf even though it is in sheeps clothing. 5. Whoever plays with fire will perish by fire.key6. If he doesnt come here, Ill not go there. 7. As you sow, so will you reap. 8. Be the first to bear hardships and the last to enjoy comforts. 9. Once a certain limit is reached, a change in

16、 the opposite direction is inevitable.key 原文的形合句究竟是译成形和句还是意合 句，应视情况而定，不能“一刀切”。 E.g.: restructuring Conclusion王琼 page 55-60Reference:1.土地的价格占了整个房价的30%。(account for)2.科学证据表明人类的一些行为导致了气候的变 化。(contribute to；human activities)3.统计分析表明这些吻合不可能偶然发生的。 (by chance； correspondence) 4.我们应尽可能多地收集数据，以便找出它长期 发展的趋势。(data, identify)5.从图中可以看出，10年间食品价格有了大幅度 的提高。Translation 1. 土地的价格占了整个房价的30%。(account for) Land