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1、分类号 密级 U D C 编号 本科学年毕业论文(设计) 题目目 The Two Different Marriages in Pride and PrejudiceThe Women Figures in Lawrences Works系 别 外语系 专 业 名 称 本科英语教育 年 级 07 4级 学 生 姓 名 刘洁吴晓春 学 号 0415040093 0715040122 指 导 教 师 杨明光 二00 九八 年 六四 月The Two Different Marriagesin Pride and PrejudiceThe Women Figures in Lawrences Wor
2、ksDepartment: Foreign Language DepartmentClass: 07（3）Name: Liu Jie (刘 洁)Student No.: 0715040122Supervisor: Prof. Yang Ming -guang(杨明光)Date: June 29th, 2009Department: Foreign Languages DepartmentClass: 02B021002Name: Wu XiaochunStudent No.: 0415040093Supervisor: Yang MingguangDate: April 27th, 2008A
3、cknowledgement: Many thanks to my supervisor Yang Ming-guang, without her help I can not finish my thesis. She is a kind, gentle, learning lady, always willing to give her hand to us. I should say “Thank you” to all the teachers and friends who help me understand the true meaning of literature and l
4、ife, thanks for their help and wonderful suggestions.Abstract: Pride and Predjudice is a very popular novel written by Jane Austen. It was written in 1813. At that time people pay much attention on money when considering marriage. In this paper, two marriage cases are taken as typical to analyze how
5、 money influenced their view on marriage.Keywords: Pride and Prejudice; money; true love; view on marriageAcknowledgements: I would like to give my sincere thanks to my supervisor Prof. Yang Mingguang for teaching me how to write my research paper and helping me generously to revise it. I want to th
6、ank the College Library from which I got enough useful information, with the help of which I finished my paper. And also I would like to thank all my classmates who gave me lots of helpful suggestions.Abstract: This thesis is an analysis of D. H. Lawrences characterization of women by comparing the
7、characters. The characters discussed include Mrs. Morel, and Clara Dawes in Sons and Lovers, Ursula Brangwen in The Rainbow and Women in Love. Through the analysis, the conclusion is drawn that, by his characterization of women in his novels, that Lawrence meant, people in the modern times are delud
8、ed with false assumptions and enervated due to perverse deviation from nature and humanity; If humans want to revive, they must face up to the real humanity, and establish a harmonious relationship among humans, nature and society. Keywords：D.H. Lawrence; female image; characteristic; humanity; natu
9、re;摘要：傲慢与偏见是一部由简奥斯汀写的非常受欢迎的小说。它写于1813年。在那个时代当考虑到婚姻的时候人们很重视钱这一因素，这这篇论文中，书中的2个婚姻被作为典型来探讨钱是如何影响人们的婚姻观。这篇论文对比分析了劳伦斯作品中的女性特点。对儿子与情人中的莫瑞尔夫人、克拉拉道斯、以及虹和恋爱中的妇女中厄秀拉布莱温的分析，发现劳伦斯通过对小说中女性人物的塑造，试图表现在现代社会中，由于违反自然与自然本性，人们受到假象的蒙蔽，生命力遭到削弱。人类要复兴，就应正视自身真正的本性，在人、自然及社会中建立一种和谐关系。关键词：傲慢与偏见；钱；真爱；婚姻观大卫.赫伯特.劳伦斯；女性形象；个性特点；本性；自
10、然；文 献 综 述一、概述简奥斯丁（Jane Austen），1775年12月生于英国汉普郡的史蒂文顿，有兄弟姐妹八人。她并不算是一位长寿的作家，在1816年初她得了重病，身体日渐衰弱，不幸于1817年7月18日死在姐姐的怀抱里；奥斯丁也算不上是位多产的作家，尽管年仅21岁就写出了她的第一部小说最初的印象（19年后重新改写，即傲慢与偏见）。但在她的创作生涯中，具有代表性的作品只有六部。可这丝毫没有减弱奥斯丁在英国文学中的地位，反而随着时间的流逝而日益重要。即使在今天，她的读者也是有增无减。她的作品被屡次改编成电影、电视剧，深受广大观众的喜爱。批评家托.巴.麦考莱就曾赞扬到：“作家中手法最接近（
11、莎士比亚）这位大师的，无疑就要算简奥斯丁了，这位女性堪称是英国之骄傲。她为我们创造出了一大批的人物” 为了研究傲慢与偏见中的婚姻及其意义，本人查找、下载并仔细研读了大量参考文献，其中主要有：Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice M上海：上海世界图书出版公司，2003；Four different marriage Pride and Prejudice J / OL2009(6) 论文网； Austen Jane.傲慢与偏见M.孙致礼,译.上海:上海译文出版社,1990；论傲慢与偏见中婚姻三重境界-爱情与金钱J / OL英语论文网； 浅议傲慢与偏见中反讽的运用J
12、/ OL英语论文网；傲慢与偏见中看女性婚姻J / OL英语论文网http:/ 1.1.莉迪亚和威克姆的婚姻：盲目的激情追求享乐两个人之间很难说有什么爱情，即使勉强有，也只能算是“肉欲之爱”产生的盲目激情。简奥斯丁对他们的婚姻持一种批判的态度，莉迪亚的轻浮、卤莽和无知即使在小说的结尾也没有改变，威克姆的狡诈、野心和肤浅也使我们感到厌恶。理智、感情与道德可以说是婚姻精神层面上最重要的组成部分，而这对婚姻不具备其中的任何一项，他们婚姻的失败早已注定。 1.2. 夏洛特和柯林斯的婚姻：向现实妥协 在傲慢与偏见中，金钱和爱情婚姻往往是形影不离，难分难舍的。小说里人们谈婚论嫁时总少不了金钱的影子，而阐述金
13、钱对于婚姻的选择，一个最典型的例子就是柯林斯牧师和夏洛特卢卡斯的结合了。 1.3. 伊丽莎白和达西：情投意合，理智与情感的完美结合 伊丽莎白与达西的婚姻是傲慢与偏见中最美满、最成功的理想婚姻，二人的结合是真正建立在爱情的基础之上的。2. 伊丽莎白形象的成功塑造2.1.女主人公伊丽莎白生活的社会环境。傲慢与偏见所描绘的18世纪末19世纪初的英国女性不论在经济、社会还是家庭地位上都依附于男性，社会等级制度森严，婚姻讲究门当户对。像伊丽莎白这样一个中产阶级出身但又财产微薄的知识女性，要想获得一种体面的生活和地位，唯一的途径就是嫁给一个好男人。2.2.伊丽莎白的爱情婚姻之路 2.3. 伊丽莎白情磨婚姻
14、的意义。伊丽莎白与达西的情感风波很大程度上是由于主人公对自我认识的偏差造成的。不公正的认识导致了伊丽莎的偏见 。公正的认识帮助伊丽莎白自得到了真正的幸福。她们的婚姻既是理性的选择又有深厚的感情基础 。3. 傲慢与偏见中反讽的运用3.1.表现在人物的喜剧性格上。3.2. 表现在众多情节的喜剧性处理上。四参考文献1Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice M上海：上海世界图书出版公司，20032 Four different marriage Pride and Prejudice J / OL2009(6) 论文网3 Austen Jane.傲慢与偏见M.孙致礼,译.上
15、海:上海译文出版社,19904论傲慢与偏见中婚姻三重境界-爱情与金钱J / OL英语论文网5 浅议傲慢与偏见中反讽的运用J / OL英语论文网6 傲慢与偏见中看女性婚姻J / OL英语论文网http:/ 1.具有“占有欲“型的女人 具有这种个性的典型代表是儿子与情人中米利亚姆和莫瑞尔夫人。米利亚姆是保罗.莫瑞尔青梅竹马的恋人，她生性敏感，羞怯，克制，却占有欲极强。她和母亲一样笃信宗教，鄙视肉体生活。即使是最细微的粗俗行为也会使她痛苦不堪。她想和保罗建立一种纯精神的恋爱关系。保罗常常觉得和米利亚姆在一起，自己总是飘荡在抽象之中，他本能的爱情烈焰被引进意识的细流。她想把他的整个灵魂，全部的力量和能
16、量吸到她自己的体内，在这种纯精神的恋爱种，保罗感到身心疲惫和巨大折磨，十分痛苦。米利亚姆为了得到保罗德心，与莫瑞尔夫人暗自争斗。莫瑞尔夫人害怕失去儿子的爱，怕对保罗德精神控制力受影响，便在保罗面前把米利亚姆形容为“那种非要把男人的灵魂都西5干，直到什么也不剩为止，她永远也不会让他成为一个真正的男子汉。” 而莫瑞尔夫人对儿子的母爱是一种具有强烈侵犯、占有的母权意志。它侵占保罗独立与完整的个性，造成保罗个性的失败，使他沦为“个性无能者”。不论他跟什么事物接触，他总是非常别扭。在畸形的母爱保护下，他没有长成真正男子汉，只要有母亲在，他的男子气概就不能展现。母亲对儿子生活的横加干涉，特别是对其恋爱生活
17、的诸多阻挠，破坏了儿子个性的完整与独立，损害可儿子的自我存在价值。 2.“独立自主”的女人。 虹中安娜.伦斯基从少年时代就保持着孤芳自赏，独立自由的个性特点。她对在马什农场的生活很不满意，试图逃避。虽然她热衷于上教堂，但她认为教义是虚伪的，她很想和女友们交往，又对她们感到厌烦。当她十八岁那年，对威尔.布兰文一见倾心时，便嫁给了他。婚后，两人在信仰上的分歧，感情的挫折，性格的异同和争夺支配地位的斗争，使婚姻生活十分不幸。威尔试图证明他才是家的主人，可是安娜并没有她想象中的那样柔弱，那么容易驾驭。相反，安娜对他的意图冷嘲热讽，嗤之以鼻。经过多年的较量，威尔没有能驾驭自己的妻子，没能成为她的主宰，而
18、是对安娜非常依赖，就像一个无助的孩子。安娜成克这场斗争的胜利者。 安娜的女儿厄秀拉是一个追求精神上独立与完整的女人。她尝试很多方法摆脱现状，那些狭隘平庸的环境，这时她遇到了斯克里.班斯。开始两人过着甜美而舒适的生活。斯克里要求她做个贤妻良母，而她渴望更大的自由，希望从别人强加给她的限制中解脱出来。因此两人分手了。在恋爱中的女人中，厄秀拉爱上了伯金，伯金巴她看成是母亲型的人，直到后来他才意识到她是一个独立的人，她希望伯金能彻底向爱投降，放弃自己，而伯金要厄秀拉完全放弃自己，别为自己操心地活着。意见上的分歧导致他们之间的许多矛盾。但最后，随着生活阅历的增加，厄秀拉逐渐懂得了婚姻或者爱情中的人不应该
19、是谁统治谁，谁优于谁。而是平等的，最后两人达到了肉体与精神结合的完美境界。二、主体1.女性与自然 自然与女性是息息相关的。首先，在劳伦斯心目中的女性与自然一样是美好的。比起男人，她们更容易与自然沟通和交流。在作品中，我们多次看到女性忘我地融入自然，进行精神沐浴和美好场景，如恋爱中的女人中厄秀拉从乡镇肮脏的街道走向山丘，感到自己仿佛是个与物质世界分离的幽灵，看到遍布在深潭中周围的周围的雏菊，她就觉得雏菊像是在欢笑，天黑得时候走进森林，她忘却了害怕，在远离人迹的树林里，有一种神奇的东西，在越是荒凉的地方，一个人的心情就越舒畅。厄秀拉终于找到了她身心舒畅的地方，那就是大自然。大自然才是她生活的天堂。
20、而查泰莱夫人的情人中的康妮是沿着别墅周围的花园散步时碰见梅勒斯，她内心深处潜伏着的女性本能被唤醒了。还有在儿子与情人中更是由一段近乎奇幻的物我交融的描写。当身怀保罗的莫瑞尔太太被喝醉酒的丈夫赶出家门时，小说中这样描写道，她开始意识到自身的某种变化，想弄清楚是什么透进她的意识里.微微感到恶心，以及意识到孩子的存在外，她本人就像花露一样化成了气体，过了一会儿腹中的胎儿也在月光中和她一起与月色融为一体了。可见女人是善于通过与自然界的交融的，她们能从自然界中获取生命力而恢复活力。 2.男女平等 查泰莱夫人的情人中查泰莱夫人从一开始就很清楚她的爱，她满足了克里夫特，而后者无力提供什么给她，至此劳伦斯让女
21、主人公像读者们陈述男女平等的基础和原理。在已经存在互补关系的一对男女中，如果男方无法向女方提供她理应从他那得到的一切，女方就有正当理由向另一位男性寻求这一切。如果这一位男性刚好也从“他的女人”那里接受科类似的失望，那么这一对新男女建立新的互补关系的一切企图和奋斗就是天经地义的，这刚好是查泰莱夫人和梅勒斯关系的基础。原来梅勒斯也有一位他不能好好相处的妻子，他为此去当了兵，由于这痛苦的婚姻，他从此不跟女人发生纠葛，并且在一段时间内避开和康妮有任何接触，因为它希望保持住他的独处生活，他只是在发现康妮也处于同样厄运时决定接近她。因此，在劳伦斯看来，男人和女人关系是双方的差异，即每一方都具有对方所缺少的
22、某种东西，都能通过从对方获得那种东西而完善自己，而从男女互补这一根据出发，得出的是男女平等的结论。3.婚姻中的女人小说儿子与情人中的女主人公莫瑞尔太太出身于中产阶级,受过良好的教育,知书达理,说一口标准的上流社会英语.她情感丰富,对爱情抱着美好的愿望.在一次圣诞舞会上,她与热情潇洒的瓦尔特莫瑞尔一见钟情后结为夫妻, 瓦尔特来自矿工阶层,十岁开始做童工,终日在黑暗、潮湿的坑道里干着非人的苦工,被剥夺了受教育的权利.他满口倪语,感情上无法与妻子共鸣.当初,莫瑞尔太太并没有意识到下嫁到矿工会失去中产阶级的社会经济地位和交际活动婚后，繁重的劳动，危及人身的工矿事故摧残了莫瑞尔的肉体，经济贫困，家庭生活
23、的重担又使他在精神上陷入可忧愁与苦闷之中于是他开始酗酒，变得脾气粗暴，把一腔怒气撒在妻儿身上对妻子来说，她失去了一个丈夫应有的温柔与体贴，变成可以架冷酷的工作机器残酷的现实粉碎了莫瑞尔太太年少时的梦，夫妻间爱情的失落不仅带来的是失败的婚姻，更使莫瑞尔太太把自己的希望与感情错误地转换到儿子们身上希望儿子们代替丈夫的位置由此可见，莫瑞二太太的婚姻失败是由于结婚时没有考虑到现实中诸多的社会因素，而导致双方形同陌路这一点在虹中描述安娜与威尔德夫妻生活不好也有体现。安娜与威尔虽然因爱结婚，但是他们婚后不久就发现彼此间的差异，包括信仰、性格，对于婚姻的态度与观念的差别，使他们在生活中经常吵闹，婚姻不愉快。
24、4劳伦斯的作品中所塑造的女性形象对当代的女性问题的思考有一定的启示作用：首先，劳伦斯笔下的女性有不满足现状，追求独立自主，有对爱情婚姻的占有欲较强，还有追求男女平等的地位，但是却都希望通过找到满意的配偶来摆脱现状。米丽娅姆通过阅读来调节生活的乏味，她寄希望与保罗身上，并揭起所有占有保罗德心；厄秀拉讨厌父母平庸的生活，作了多方面的努力想摆脱它；安娜为了逃避现实生活，把希望寄托在威尔身上。劳伦斯就是这样通过描写她们的理想与心愿，描写她们的成功与失败，给我额每年这样的启示：女人的意义不在于生儿育女，她们有人权利选择自己的生活。其次，劳伦斯通过刻画不同性格特点的女性，通过她们对爱情所表现的不同态度，描
25、绘了一条通往幸福的道路。我们看到，要想对爱情完全占有的女人，最终还是在爱情中迷失了自己；二十种坚持精神与肉体的结合，在爱情中才有可能找到真正的幸福。最后，劳伦斯想要传达出一种观点，那就是无论在爱情或婚姻中，要学会“世俗”，要基于对现实条件的考虑，以及性格等多方面因素展开爱情特别是婚姻生活。当今社会婚姻的离离合合就有很大原因是对类似因素缺乏考虑。完美的婚姻是物质与精神的有力结合体。三、总结作为东方人对西方文化理解的不同，加之信仰、世界观与人生观的不同，我们对劳伦斯的思想认识存在一些不同的观点。他的作品对女性的自我意识的发展的观点是有积极作用的，使他们能正视自己，从主观上审视自己而不流入极端化的境
26、地，把自己的自然数性与社会属性更好地调节到可以达到人、社会、自然的自然平衡状态。他的“回归自然”提醒着我们人类的自然属性，人不能无限度的超越自然，超越自我，而应当把自己放在适合的位置才不会最终毁灭人类。这一点是人类社会追求高度文明过程中忽视了的，这方面劳伦斯的警示作用不可否认。四、参考文献1戴.赫.劳伦斯. 查泰莱夫人的情人M. 燕山：燕山出版社. 1996.2戴.赫.劳伦斯. 儿子与情人M. 哈尔滨：哈尔滨出版社. 1985.3戴.赫.劳伦斯. 恋爱中的女人M. 燕山：燕山出版社. 1996.4戴.赫.劳伦斯. 虹.M 燕山：燕山出版社. 1996.5田甜. 劳伦斯笔下的女性形象.J 河南南
27、阳师范学院. 6李霞. 畸形母子情.J 安阳工学院外国语系.外文翻译BDHLawrences THE LOST GIRL as a Transitional workEunyoung Ohook report of Pride and PrejudiceMany people simply regard Pride and Prejudice as a love story, but in my opinion, this book is an illustration of the society at that time. She perfectly reflected the relat
28、ion between money and marriage at her time and gave the people in her works vivid characters. The characters have their own personalities. Mrs. Bennet is a woman who makes great efforts to marry off her daughters. Mr. Bingley is a friendly young man, but his friend, Mr. Darcy, is a very proud man wh
29、o seems to always feel superior. Even the five daughters in Bennet family are very different. Jane is simple, innocent and never speaks evil of others. Elizabeth is a clever girl who always has her own opinion. Mary likes reading classic books. (Actually she is a pedant.) Kitty doesnt have her own o
30、pinion but likes to follow her sister, Lydia. Lydia is a girl who follows exotic things, handsome man, and is somehow a little profligate. When I read the book, I can always find the same personalities in the society now. That is why I think this book is indeed the representative of the society in B
31、ritain in the 18th century. The family of gentleman in the countryside is Jane Austens favourite topic. But this little topic can reflect big problems. It concludes the stratum situation and economic relationships in Britain in her century. You can find these from the very beginning of this book. Th
32、e first sentence in this book is impressive. It reads: “It is a truth well known to all the world that an unmarried man in possession of a large fortune must be in need of a wife”. The undertone is very clear: the foundation of the marriage at that time is not emotion but possession. People always t
33、hink that Austen was an expert at telling love stories. In fact, the marriage in her book is not the result of love, but the result of economic needs. After reading this book, I know the truth is that a poor woman must be in need of a husband, a wealthy man. I couldnt forget how eager Mrs. Bennet wa
34、nts to marry off her daughters. If you want to know why she is so crazy about these things, I must mention the situation in Britain at that time. Only the eldest son had the privilege of inheriting his fathers possessions. Younger sons and daughters who are used to luxurious lives have no choice but
35、 marry a man or woman in possession of a large fortune to continue their comfortable lives. Thus, we can see that getting married is a way to become wealthier, particularly for women without many possessions. Jane Austen told us that money and possession determined everything, including marriage and
36、 love in her century.In “Pride and Prejudice”, the sister of Mr. Bingley strongly opposed his plan of marrying Jane because the Bennets dont have many possessions and their social positions are much lower than them. From this, we can see there are a lot of obstacles for a not very rich woman to marr
37、y a wealthy husband. The society, the relatives would not allow them to get married. In modern society, although the marriages of economic needs have decreased rapidly, the concept of “money determines everything” is still rooted in some peoples mind. A lot of parents try hard to interfere their chi
38、ldrens marriages. Education background, possessions, jobs remains the main reason that may influence ones marriage. Marry for money is still a big problem in our society. We cant help thinking: can money determine everything?Austen left this problem for us to think. The genius of Jane Austen lies in
39、 this perfect simplicity, the simplicity that reflects big problems. Although Austen was only 21 when she wrote “Pride and Prejudice”, her sharp observation of social lives makes the style of this book surprisingly mature and lively. The plots in her works are always very natural. The development of
40、 the plot is as inevitable as a problem in mathematics. I think the depth of Pride and Prejudice is the reason that makes this book prominent and classic. Today, her book still can be the guide telling us the economic relationships both at her time and in modern time.Abstract: This paper examines th
41、e importance of Italy as an alternative locale to industrialized Europe. Particularly focusing on the way in which Alvinas sense of disorientation her sense of being “lost”-is related to the different spirits of England and Italy, this paper will show how the spirit of each place shapes and determin
42、es the meaning of Alvina self-exile. Moreover, Alvina as a “new woman” revolted against British Middle-class culture. Key words: “spirit of place”, self-exile, sense of being “lost”, “new woman”After Lawrence has finished sons and lovers (1913), he wrote pages of The lost girl, originally titled The
43、 insurrection of Miss Houghton, which was soon left behind in Germany. After the war, the manuscript was recovered in January 1920 when Lawrence was self-exiled to Italy, and finally published in November. Critics as well as readers have paid little attention to The Lost Girl, which belongs neither
44、to Lawrences early major novels such as The Rainbow (1915), and Women in Love (1920) nor to his late “leadership” novels. However, as Jeffery Meyers points out that critics have ignored the crucial importance of The Lost Girl (1920) deserves more attention as a transitional novel in terms of nationa
45、l (and racial) identity and the Lawrentian sense of place. With her transgression against what English culture has represented, Alvina Houghton, the protagonist of The Lost Girl, becomes “lost” to her civilized world and comes to stand on the threshold of the “uncertain” world., turning from a stabl
46、e status as a British citizen to an uprooted wander, from her attachment to England to her search for a new place. In short, this novel reflects Lawrences physical and emotional changes as a self- exiled wanderer-a destiny that his painful experiences of the war drove him to.Graham Hougton rightly p
47、oints to the significance of Italy as a new place for: Lawrence around the time when Lawrence had written The lost Girl:” What really interested Lawrence at this time, What was really making him live anew, was Italy and the fresh possibilities of life he had discovered there”(93). This novel certain
48、ly explores those possibilities of Italy as a new place and a new way of life before Lawrences exploration of the spirit of Italy is, to use Philip Herrings words, “soon eclipsed by a new preoccupation: the primitive mind and American” (19). Keeping in mind that The lost Girl features a transitional
49、 phase moving from the European mode of life to the primitive way of life (ultimately moving to the world of The Plumed Serpent), this paper examines the importance of Italy as an alternative locale to industrialized Europe. Particularly focusing on the way in which Alvinas sense of disorientation h
50、er sense of being “lost”-is related to the different spirits of England and Italy, this paper will show how the spirit of each place shapes and determines the meaning of Alvinas self-exile.This novel, written in 1920 when Lawrence was preparing for departure to America, significantly marks his disso
51、ciation from a European mode of life while anticipating the burgeoning American life. For Lawrence, Italy was like a stepping-stone to the new world, where he ambitiously planned to explore the possibility of an ideal society, what he called Rananim. But this does not mean that Italy as an alternati
52、ve place to European was insignificant in comparison to the American continent. As a literary background of Lawrences works, Italy was related to most of Lawrences writing career throughout his lifetime, and during his frequent stays in Italy he produced three travel books-Twilight in Italy(1916), S
53、ea and Sardinia(1921), and Etruscan Places(1932)-and two novels-The Lost Girl and Aarons Rod-as well as a lot of essays and poems published in Birds, Beasts and Flowers(1923).Despite the Fact that Italy is geographically part of Europe, it has significance in Lawrences texts as the culture opposite
54、to England. Alvinas exile is different from the Italians massive emigrant to the highly industrialized world, vividly described in Lawrences travel book Twilight in Italy (403). Whereas Italians at the turn of the century were forced to leave their country because of their poverty, Alvina chooses a
55、voluntary dislocation from her native place, moving in the reverse direction from Italian emigrants, from England to Italy; Alvinas journey to Italy signifies that she goes against the mainstream of this industrialized era. Although critics have paid little attention to the relevance of colonialism
56、to Alvinas exile, her transgression against the English culture can be read as a challenge against the dominance of industrialimperial culture. That is, Alvinas exile to the marginal territory from the metropolis, opposed to third-world peoples massive migration to the industrialized center, deals w
57、ith a postcolonial situation in which this protagonist attempts to redefine cultural hierarchies set between metropolis and periphery.The” repressive” aspects of the English culture, represented by Alvinas “gloomy and a little sinister” (LG 20). Manchester House, pervade the novel. With the absence
58、of a proper relationship between Mr. and Mrs. Houghton and Alvina as parents and a child, the manager of James Houghtons work-girls. The influence of these women who have embodied Victorian morality and sensibility is formidable in shaping not only Alvinas British womanhood but also her resistance a
59、gainst it. This repressive mood of Woodhouse a small mining town of the Midlands where Manchester House is located represents the restrictive culture of England, which is particularly restraining for middle-class women like Alvina. The often-quoted passage off the chapter “The journey across” chapte
60、rs Alvinas (Lawrences) complicated feeling about England and reveals what England represented by Woodhouse meant to her:” England, like a long, ash-grey coffin slowly submerging. She watched it, fascinated and terrified. It seemed to repudiate the sunshine, to remain unilluminated, long and ash-grey
61、 and dead, with streaks of snow like cerements. That was England! Her thoughts flew to Woodhouse, the grey center of it all. Home! (LG294).Lawrence in his novel explore how an individual self challenges the “restrictive” culture of a society and to what extent it would be possible to transform onese
62、lf from a western way of life to another to a primitive mode of being as exemplified in Alvinas transition into the hinterlands of Italy. Alvinas desire to reach a new sense of self, not distorted by Christian, middle-class English morals, is deeply related to the spirit of place, that is, the diffe
63、rent spirits of England of and Italy. Her physical and psychological dislocation from England is not irrelevant to the fact that the spirit of England is “caged in”-rigid normative heterosexually and racially discriminatory cultural assumptions. Alvinas marriage to Ciccio and her border crossing int
64、o Italy expose the problems that the English culture has embodied in terms of sexuality, class, and race.Despite general agreement about the necessity of a new place for Alvina to replace Woodhouse, many critics have thought of Pescocalascio, the Italian mountain village for which Alvina escapes fro
65、m Woodhouse, as a negative place. Denying any possibility of this Italian village as a new place, Herring defines it as being as sterile and dead as Woodhouse:” In its own way,pescocalascio is as dead as Woodhouse.Pescocalascio is bleak, the local people, hospitable to strangers, are mean-spirited a
66、nd slanderous with each other”(16-7). Even Julian Moynahan, whom Herring calls,”one of the novels principal defenders”(9), does not consider the mountain village as much of an alternative place to England:” In fact, Italy proves to be no more than another part of Europe; and Califano, apart from its
67、 oppressive natural beauty, another Woodhouse without certain civilized conveniences”.The problem is that those critics, who see Pescocalascio as either “no more than another part of Europe” or” as dead as Woodhouse”, geographical, cultural differences implied in the distinct spirits of England and
68、Italy and thus blurred the significance of Alvinas and Aarons self-exile. In spite of the “mixed marriage” of Alvina and Ciccio, the geographical continuance between England and Italy as part of Europe keeps critics from relating the racial conflict embedded in this novel to the issue of colonialism
69、. For instance, Michael Ross, seeing Italy as an extended part of the British metropolis, argues, “The Lost Girl designedly exhausts the possibilities of escaping the moral confines of Imperial Britain while remaining within the metropolitan bounds of the European continent”(12). But, as I will argu
70、e, it is hard to understand the way Lawrence presents the Italian mountain village and local peasants without the perspective of a colonial hierarchy existing between metropolis and periphery which has been considered, wittingly or unwittingly, as something marginal and inferior. When Herring says t
71、hat” at the novels end, however, she (Alvina) seems lost again, but in a way Lawrence could hardly have foreseen in 1913”(10), he seems to recognize the significance of the last few chapters in the novel. If we imagined Lawrence finishing this novel in 1913, when his notion of “spirit of place” was
72、not yet fully developed,” Lawrence might,” as Herring points out, “have ended The Lost Girl in The Journey Across chapter” (16). Given that the novel consists of two parts-Alvina as a British middle-class woman and Alvinas marriage to Ciccio as a head-on challenge to the British bourgeois culturethe
73、 second part would have been less specific and convincing without the extended description of the Italian village. Meyers argues, “the novel becomes more lively, intimate, immediate In the last three chapters”(102).The last chapters of the novel, which describe Alvinas journey from England to Italy
74、and her encounter with a primitive world, also add another symbolic meaning to her status as a “lost” woman. If the early half of the novel is about the story that Alvina becomes “lost” to England, the rest of it deals with how she also becomes ”lost” to Italy; as herring points out, “Alvina, now ap
75、pears most truly lost when Ciccio leaves her with child to become a soldier”(17). The last chapter hints that Alvina will become “literally” lost in the middle of the Italian village.Consequently, the meaning of being” lost” in the last chapters becomes different from the previous usages, which usua
76、lly mark her transgression against the English norms of sex, class, and race. That is, Alvina becomes suspended between the civilized and primitive world, actually belonging to neither side. Her circumstance in this Italian village, displaced from England but not fully adapted to the new place, comp
77、letes the meaning of the title The lost girl.Although the meaning of being “lost” in this novel contains a rebellion against certain values, mainly those of English middle-class culture, Alvinas desire for escape from the civilized world does not guarantee her complete transformation into the primit
78、ive world. If Alvina tries to escape from her Englishness through her marriage to Ciccio and her border crossing into Italy, the last chapters of the novel show how she becomes “lost” again among primitive local peasants and in this foreign country, which is “savage” and “repulsive” in a different s
79、ense from Woodhouse. It seems unlikely that there is any possible way for Alvina to get into the inside of native people. Alvinas sense of horror revealed in her encounter with the “inside” of the primitive people signifies her anxiety of losing her civilized identity, despite her repudiation of Eng
80、lish bourgeois culture. That is, The lost girl shows how Alvinas difficult position in this “savage” olace is different from the travelers point of view that Lawrence takes in his travel books, which does not demand any travelers responsibility for physical and psychological adjustment to the “forei
81、gn” place.If Alvinas conflicting sense of identity is a major issue in this novel, her sexual relationship with Ciccio is another important issue. For example, Billy Tracy defines The lost girl as “a novel that celebrates female values. It seems impossible to resolve the debate on the inconsistency
82、between Alvinas sexual submission to Ciccio and Alvina as a “New Woman” revolting against British middle-class culture. Alvina is not a typical Victorian woman; she is rather closer to the “New Woman” with her own will and desire, but, strangely enough, in her sexual relationship with Ciccio, she be
83、comes suddenly passive and submissive; and we know the author wants to emphasize Alvinas submission to Ciccio. The problem in the novel is, moreover, that Ciccio is not strong enough to make Alvina his slave as describe in the text; Alvina leads him in their wedded life.While most critics have consi
84、dered Alvinas sexual submission to Ciccio as unconvincing.Works CitedHough, Graham. The Dark Sun: A Study of D.H. Lawrence. New York: 1957.Lawrence, D.H. Lawrence.Aarons Rod. 1922. New York: Viking, 1972.Meyers, Jeffery.D.H. Lawrence and the Experience of Italy. Philadelphia: 1982.Monahan, Julian. T
85、he deed of life: The Novel and Tales of D.H. Lawrence. Princeton: 1963.Ross Michael L “Losing the Old National Hat: Lawrences The Lost Girl.” The D.H. Lawrence review 30: 1 (2001): 5-14.Tracy Billy. D.H. Lawrence and the Literature of Travel. 1983.Worthen, John. D.H. Lawrence and the Idea of the Nov
86、el. New York: 1979.Source: http:/Oh, Eunyoung “DHLawrences THE LOST GIRL as a Transitional work.”劳伦斯的过渡性时期的作品迷失的女孩傲慢与偏见的读后感很多人认为傲慢与偏见只是关于爱的情故事，但在我看来，这本书是以说明当时的社会。她完美地体现了她所在的时代金钱和关系的婚姻，并且生动地描写了她故事中的人物。书中的人物拥有自己的性格。班纳特太太是一名妇女，她一心想要嫁女儿。彬格莱先生是一个友好的年轻男子，但他的朋友达西先生，是一个非常骄傲的人，似乎总是感到比别人优越。即使是在班纳特五个女儿性格也有很大的不
87、同。简是简单，单纯的，从不说别人的坏话的人。伊丽莎白是一个聪明的女孩，总是有自己的见解。玛丽喜欢阅读经典名著。 （其实她是一个书呆子。 ）小鹰没有自己的见解，而是喜欢跟随她的妹妹，丽迪雅。丽迪雅是个总是追逐异国情调的事物，英俊的男子，并且有一些放荡的女孩。当我阅读这本书，我总能在现在社会上找到相同的人物。这就是为什么我认为这本书确实是代表英国18世纪的社会。英国乡绅的家庭生活是简奥斯汀最喜爱的题材，但是这样的题材很少能反映社会重大矛盾。它包括了在英国18世纪她的阶级的处境和经济关系。你可以从小说的一开始看出这一点。这部小说的第一句给人映像深刻。它说到：“有钱的单身汉总要娶位太太，这是一条举世公
88、认的道理。全文的基调以很清晰了，在那个时代婚姻的基础不是感情而是财产。人们总认为奥斯汀是写婚姻爱情小说的专家，但是事实上，她书中的婚姻不是爱情的产物，而是经济需求的结果。读完这本书后，我明白事实是一个没有财产的女子需要一个丈夫，一个有钱的丈夫，我不能忘记班纳特太太急切的想要嫁女儿。如果你想知道她为什么对这些事情如此热衷，我必须提到英国当时的社会情况，只有最大的儿子才有权利继承他父亲的财产。已经习惯于奢侈生活的小儿子们和女儿没有机会继承财产，只有娶有钱的太太或嫁有钱的丈夫来维持他们舒适的生活。这样，我们就能明白结婚是一个变富有的方式，特别是对于那些没有很多嫁妆的女性来说。简奥斯汀告诉我们，在那个
89、时代钱和家产决定一切包括婚姻与爱情。在傲慢与偏见中，宾利的姐姐强烈反对他娶简的打算，因为班纳特家没有很多财产并且社会地位比他们低下很多。从这里，我们可以知道一个有钱的男子想要娶没有钱的女士是有很多障碍。社会因素，亲属的观点都不会让他们结婚。在现代，尽管婚姻中经济的需要已经迅速的下降，金钱决定一切的观念还是根植于人们心中。教育背景，财产，工作依然是影响一个人的婚姻的主要因素。为钱而结婚依然是我们社会的大问题，我们情不自禁地提出疑问：钱真的能决定一切吗？奥斯汀给我们留下了这个问题思考，奥斯汀的天才就在于这完美的简洁，以简单反映重大问题，尽管奥斯汀在写傲慢与偏见的时候只有21岁，她对于社会生活的敏锐
90、的观察力使这本书的风格令人惊异地自然生动。她作品的情节总是很自然。情节的发展就像数学题一样不可避免。我认为傲慢与偏见的深度是这本书成为经典的原因。今天，她的书仍然能够成我告诉我们无论是她的时代还是现代的经济关系的向导。 本文来自: http:/摘要：这篇论文关注的是劳伦斯的过渡时期的作品迷失的女孩，这部作品是依据种族特性和劳伦斯式的归属感编写而成。这篇论文论述意大利队与工业化的欧洲是一个可选择地的重要性。特别是聚焦于阿尔文娜的迷失感，她处于迷失状态的感觉-与英国和意大利的精神差异。它将展现出每个地方的精神是怎样塑造和决定阿尔文娜的自我放逐的意义。而且展现出阿尔文娜作为一个“新女性”颠覆了英国中
91、产阶级文化。关键词：心灵处所;自我放逐;迷失感;新女性。 在劳伦斯完成了作品儿子与情人(1913)后, 他写了两百多页的迷失的女孩, 原名叫霍顿女士的反抗, 后来遗失在德国. 一战后,1920年1月, 当劳伦斯漂泊到意大利,他改写了手稿, 最后在11月出版了. 读者和评论家们都不怎么关注这部作品, 它既不属于劳伦斯的早期主要小说如虹和恋爱中的女人, 也不属于他的后期代表性作品. 然而, 就像杰弗雷.梅尔指出的那样, 评论家们忽略了迷作为一部过渡时期作品的重要性, 迷这部带有民族特性和劳伦斯式归属感的过渡时期的作品, 应该受到更多关注. 阿尔文那.霍顿反对英国文化所代表的, 她是迷的拥护者, 在
92、文明的世界中”迷失”, 来到”未知”世界的门前,从有着稳固的社会地位的英国公民转变成毫无根基的游民,由对英国的依恋转变成急于寻求一个新的地方. 简单地说, 这部小说反映了劳伦斯作为一个流放者的身心巨变-他的关于战争的惨痛经历驱使他走到这一步.格拉哈姆.翰正确地指出意大利作为一个全新的地方对劳伦斯的意义与当他写了迷这部作品时. 在那个时期真正让劳伦斯感兴趣,真正使他重获新生的是意大利和那儿出现新生命的可能性.这部小说确实探究出那些意大利作为一个新地方核心生活方式的可能性, 在这之前他探究出意大利精神的所在, 用飞利浦.贺林的话来说, “记住展现的是从欧式生活方式转变成原始生活方式的过渡时期. 这
93、篇论文仔细考虑了意大利作为为工业化的欧洲的替代的场所的重要性, 特别是聚焦于阿尔文那的迷失感和处于”迷失”状态的方法-与英国和意大利思维的不同有关, 这篇论文将展现每个地方思维如何形成和决定阿尔文那放逐的意义. 这部小说写于1920年, 那时劳伦斯正准备离开美国, 标志着他脱离欧式生活而期盼过最初的美式生活. 对于劳伦斯而言, 意大利像是一个通往新世界的跳板, 他雄心勃勃地计划着开辟一种理想社会的可能, 并把其称为娜娜尼木. 但是这并不意味着意大利作为欧洲的替代品与美国大陆相比之下没有意义. 作为劳伦斯作品的文化背景地, 意大利与大部分劳伦斯毕生写作生涯地方有关, 在他常待的意大利他创作了三部
94、游记:意大利的黄昏、海与山地尼亚、亚伦枝开了花，还有很多出版了的劳伦斯作品中作为与英国文化相悖的地方有重要意义。阿尔文娜的放逐不同于他在意大利黄昏中生动描述意大利大多数的意大利大多数人移民到工业化国家，然而意大利人是在世纪之交由于贫穷被迫离开自己的国家。阿尔文娜主动离开家乡，迁移到与意大利移民相反的方向，就是从英国移民到意大利。阿尔文娜去意大利的行程表明她走着与工业时期相反的主流方向。尽管评论家们很少把她的放逐与殖民化联系起来，但她与英国文化的违背可以理解为是对工业帝国主义主导地位的一次挑衅。也就是说，她从大都市放逐到不知名的小地方，与第三世界的人大量迁移到发达地区的行为相反，对倡导殖民化局势
95、的人试着重新定义大都市与郊区的文化等级的设定。英国文化残暴的一面在以阿尔文娜的阴暗且凶险的曼切斯特屋代表，在整部小说中贯穿始终。作为父母与子女关系的霍顿夫妇与阿尔文娜之前的关系并不融洽，曼切斯特屋实际上是由其家庭女教师弗洛斯特女士詹姆斯霍顿的工女的管家管理着。这些女人体现了维多利亚时期的道德理智，对塑造不仅仅是阿尔文娜的成年期而且对塑造她对此的抵制的影响是难以抗拒的。伍德屋的残暴面体现了英国文化的制约性，特别是对中产阶级女性像阿尔文娜这样的女性的约束。在“途中的旅程”这一章节中有着重引号的那一段，抓住了阿尔文娜（劳伦斯）对英国的复杂心理，表现出代表着英国的伍德屋对她意味着，英国，像一个长长的、
96、灰骨色的棺材慢慢沉没。她看着，着迷了，也被吓倒了。这就好像是为了保持暗淡，长久的骨灰色，死一般的样子，像泛着雪花的墓地拒绝阳光。那就是英国。她的思绪飘到的伍德屋，那个灰色中心地带，家！（LG294） 劳伦斯在这部作品中创造了一种个体如何挑战制约性文化的一个社会，并且在某种程度上它将有可能从西式生活方式转变成另一个原始生活模式的个体，就像阿尔文娜去意大利内地一样，她的愿望是到达一个新的自我，不被基督教，中产阶级的英国道德伦理所扭曲。她是想达到一种精神的境地。也就是说，英国与意大利的不同精神。她的生理和心理的脱节与种族歧视的文化设想所束缚。阿尔文娜与西西欧思维婚姻，和她临近意大利暴露出来的许多问题
97、，英国文化是根据性欲、阶级和种族所表现出来的。尽管总体一致认为阿尔文娜需要一个全新的地方代替伍德屋，但是许多评论家们把帕斯科可拉希欧这个意大利三村作为一个反面的例子，是阿尔文娜逃离伍德屋的选择地。对巴意大利山村作为一个全新地方的任何可能性的否定何林把它认为无生气的死一般的伍德屋，它自身的方式下，帕斯科可拉希欧像伍德屋一样死气沉沉。帕斯科可拉希欧是荒凉的，那个地方的居民对陌生人很热情，彼此间却相互诋毁和耍手段，甚至连朱利安也是如此，何林称她是这部小说的原则守护者，并不认为这个山村十离开英国后可供选择的地方。事实上，意大利证明是不仅仅是欧洲的一部分；加利弗洛撇开它的压抑的自然美来说，是另一个伍德屋
98、，没有一定文明的便利。问题是那些评论家们既把帕斯科可拉希欧看作不光是欧洲的一部分也看作与伍德屋一样死气沉沉。地理文化的差异意味着英国和意大利的精神差异，因此使阿尔文娜和亚伦的自我放逐的意义变得模糊。不考虑阿尔文娜和西西欧的联合婚姻，地理性的持续在英国和意大利作为欧洲的一部分，阻止评论家们将小说中体现出来的种族矛盾与殖民化问题联系在一起。比如说，麦克.洛斯把意大利看作是英国都市化扩展的部分。他认为，“迷有意详细论述了英帝国主义逃脱道德束缚的可能性得留在欧洲大陆都市化的边界区域。但是，在我看来，很难理解劳伦斯在介绍意大利山村和居民时，并没有殖民等级制度在都市化和郊外中存在的观点。换句话说，意大利曾
99、经在劳伦斯的小说中被描述为是北欧发达地区可供选择的地方和英国都市化的郊区。郊区曾有意或无意被认为是无关紧要的地方。当何林说,” 在小说的结尾，阿尔文娜看上去又一次迷失了自己，但是某方面劳伦斯在1913年几乎不能预见的。“他看上去意识到左后几章节的意义。如果我们想象劳伦斯在1913年完成这部小说，当他的精神境界的观点得到充分发展。“劳伦斯威力”就像劳伦斯指出来的已经结束了迷在旅程中这一章节.这部小说分为两个部分-英国中产阶级女性阿尔文娜和阿尔文娜与西西欧结婚后挑战英国中产阶级文化-第二部分将不那么专业也不是很确定对意大利山村的描述.梅尔认为,”这部小说在最后三章变得更活泼生动(102).这部小说
100、的最后几章描述阿尔文娜从英国到意大利的旅程,她面临的是一个原始的世界,也加入作为迷失的女人象征性的意义到她的地位.如果说小说的前半部分是关于阿尔文娜迷失在英国的故事. 像何林指出的那样,”阿尔文娜当丈夫西西欧离开她和孩子后, 现在好像完全迷失了.(17). 最后一章安市阿尔文娜将变得真正迷失在意大利山村, 结果”迷失”的意思再左后几章里变得不同于先前的意思, 通常标志着她违背英国性、等级和种族的模式。也就是说，阿尔文娜在文明与原始的世界种植了，事实上不属于任一边，她在意大利山村的环境变成了英国，但是没有完全适应这个新环境就完成这部作品的标题“迷失的女孩”。尽管“迷失”的意思再这部小说中包含着一
101、种对既定价值的反叛，主要是对那些英国中产阶级文化，阿尔文娜希望逃脱这个文明开化的世界，不能保障她向原始世界的转变。如果阿尔文娜尝试着通过与西西欧结婚在逃离她的英式生活，然后到意大利去。小说的最后几章展现出的是她怎样又一次迷失在这个原始具名和外国国度里。与伍德屋不同，那是一种“野蛮”和“另人生厌”的地方，阿尔文娜似乎不可能进入到那里居民的内心世界。阿尔文娜的恐惧感出现了，当她意识到当地居民的内心世界她担忧自己已失去了文明的特性。也就是说，迷展现出她处于怎样一个艰难的处境，在这样一个野蛮的地方，不同于劳伦斯在他的游记里写道的旅游者的观点那样，不需要任何责任区把生理和心理调节到一个异乡。如果说阿尔文
102、娜的矛盾特性是小说中的一个重要问题。她与西西欧的性关系是另一个重要的问题。比如说，比利.崔熙把迷定义为颂扬女性价值的小说。与亚伦枝开了花这本书颂扬男性较轻相对。但是许多评论家们多这种说法表示怀疑，反问迷对女性价值的意义是什么。似乎不可能解决关于阿尔文娜的性关系上屈服于西西欧，阿尔文娜作为一格“新女性”颠覆了英国中产阶级文化。阿尔文娜不时一个典型的维多利亚时代的女性，她是更接近“新女性”这个她自己的意愿。但是，很奇怪在她与西西欧的性关系上，她突然变得被动屈服。我们知道作者想要强调阿尔文娜对西西欧的顺从。这个问题在这部小说不是西西欧不够强大，像上文中提到的那样使阿尔文娜屈服于他的奴役，而是阿尔文娜
103、把它带入婚姻生活。然而大部分评论家们已经认为阿尔文娜的性屈服于西西欧是不足以确信的。参考文献 哈伏.格雷姆 黑太阳：关于劳伦斯的研究 纽约：1957。 大卫.赫伯特.劳伦斯 亚伦枝开了花 1922 纽约：1995 梅尔.杰伏雷.劳伦斯和他在意大利的经历. 费城：1982 莫依纳翰.朱利安 生平事迹：劳伦斯的小说与故事集. 普林斯顿：1963 罗丝.麦克. “遗失的旧国帽.：劳伦斯.迷失的女孩”.劳伦斯评论30:1(2001): 5-14 翠西.比利. 劳伦斯和他的旅游文学. 1983 沃森.约翰. 劳伦斯和他作品中的思想. 纽约:1979外文来源：Oh, Eunyoung劳伦斯的过渡性时期的作
104、品迷失的女孩http:/www.ibas.re.kr/eng/journal/10-6.pdfContents1. Summary of the BookIntroduction12. The Marriage of Collins and CharlotteThe women in Sons and lovers112.1. Description of Mr. Collins Mariam and Clara122.2.Description of Charlotte3. The Women in the Rainbow233.1. The Marriage of Elizabeth an
105、d Mr. DarcyBanning and controversy of The Rainbow243.12. Description of Elizabeth The failed relationship in The Rainbow243.2.Description of Mr. Darcy 4. The Women in Women in Love354.1. The bonding between the Brangwen sisters, Ursula and Gudrun.64. 2. The difference in character between Gudrun and
106、 Ursula845. Conclusion3965. Bibligraphy4121. Summary of the bookIntroductionPride and Prejudice is a very popular novel written by Jane Austen. Jane Austen has esquisite observation and is good at depicting emotion between lovers. It is her most permanently prevalent and successful masterpiece. It t
107、alks about country aquires life, with which Jane Austen is most familiar, and especially how mathable young ladies choose their husbands. There are four cases of marriage in this story. “it is a truth universally adknowledged that a gentleman in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife
108、.”(Jane Austen 2003:1) Jane Austens first sentence in this book makes aironic proposition on the Eighteenth century conception of the value of love. The marriages in this book are all influncenced by money in a way. Here I will choose two of these marriage to make a comparison and contrast.D. H. (Da
109、vid Herbert) Lawrence was born in 1885 in Nottingham, England, where much of his fiction is set. His father was a miner but his mother, with whom Lawrence shared a strong bond, was determined that he should have a better life. He attended college and obtained a teaching certificate but ill health pr
110、evented him from teaching on a regular basis. His first published works were poems, but he is also remembered for his short stories, his travel writings, and his novels, the first of which, The White Peacock, was published in 1911. Because numerous obscenity charges were brought against Lawrence in
111、England and also because he and his German-born wife, Frieda, were accused of acting as German spies during WWI, the Lawrences left England for good in 1919. Lawrences most typical works include Sons and Lovers (1913), The Rainbow (1915), Women in Love (1920), and Lady Chatterleys Lover (1928). In 1
112、928, while in Mexico, Lawrence was diagnosed with tuberculosis; he died in Vence, France, on March 2, 1930. The different women figures in Lawrences works not only tell people about Lawrence, but also reflect his attitude towards the society at his time.2.2. The marriage of Collins and Charlotte:2.1
113、.darcy tion of Mr.rlotteteratureThe Women in Sons and Lovers:None of women characters and refinement goes into the lower class, and has satisfaction in her own life. Mrs Mariam has had a passion for her husband, so her children are born of passion, and have heaps of vitality. But as her sons grow up
114、 she selects them as lovers first the eldest, then the second. These sons are urged into life by their reciprocal love of their mother urged on and on. But when they come to manhood, they cant love, because their mother is the strongest power in their lives, and holds them. It is rather like Goethe
115、and his mother and Frau von Stein and Christiana As soon as the young men come into contact with women, and his mother holds his soul. But the split kills him, because he does not know where he is. The next son gets a woman who fights for his soul fights his mother. The son loves his mother all the
116、sons hate and are jealous of the father. The battle goes on between the mother and the girl, with the son as object. The mother gradually proves stronger, because of the ties of blood. The son decides to leave his soul in his mothers hands,. He gets passion. Then the split begins to tell again. But,
117、 almost unconsciously, the mother realizes what the matter is, and begins to die. The son casts off his mistress, attends to his mother dying. He is left in the end naked of everything, with the drift towards death. 2.1. description of Mr. Collins Mariam and ClaraThere is something endearing about M
118、ariam. She is genuine, good and honest that gives her charm. She holds a very deep love for Paul and that he is meant for her. They have a deep and soulful connection, and it is the deepness, and perhaps the power of it, which scares him and causes him to start to rile against her. He has a fear of
119、commitment so he turns from her for the sake of something lesser than what they share, that is not as daunting to him. Clara seems to be a fraud because she is not true to herself. She tries to act in the guise of a strong woman, but she is really rather weak and only pretends to be something she is
120、 not. For all her talk and pomp, she does not take very long to submit to Paul despite her previous railing against men. However，Pauls family treats Mariam badly while they take Clara in with warm embrace, due to the fact that Mrs. Morel does not see Clara as a threat. She knows that Pauls relations
121、hip with Clara is fickle, based purely upon the physical. When Clara has his body, she still keeps her sons soul and heart to herself, and this is why she is set against Mariam, because Mariams relationship with Paul is more true and so she will take his soul and heart fully, and Mrs. Morel fears gr
122、eatly to have to let her son go, so she sets to drive Mariam off, and would settle to see him in a shallow relationship so she can still keep him to herself.Clara is so quick to move on Paul. It is quite cruel and petty of her to be a woman who is supposed to be pro suffrage and womans rights, to ha
123、ve gossiped in such a way against Maraim behind her back to Mrs. Morel, because she thinks that now that Paul is with her, he ought to cast Maraim off completely despite her own flirtations with him while he is still involved with Mariam. In this case, Paul ought to have spoken up in defense of Mara
124、im when he has caught them in their act.3. The Women in The Rainbow:Of young Tom Brangwen it is read, He had not the power to controvert even the most stupid argument so that he would admit things that he did not in the least believe (Lawrence Rainbow 1996) Thus Tom Brangwens quest for power seems t
125、o end in love for Lydia, a Polish widow with a little daughter, Anna. From Lydias pregnancy to childbirth and onwards, Lawrence immerses the readers consciousness in the subtleties of relationship and politics. The story then singles Anna out to elaborate upon the theme of marriage and dominance. An
126、nas love for, and subsequent marriage with, William Brangwen ties in with the continued dominance of patriarchal system in English society of the time. It is in this generations marital relationship that Lawrence creates a flood of nonconformist questioning of tradition. Anna openly expresses her do
127、ubts about the validity of religious traditions of creations. We read her defiant words, It is impudence to say that Woman was made out of Mans body, when every man is born of a woman. (Laurence， Rainbow 1996) .3.1. Banning and controversy of The RainbowGiven the zeitgeist of the time, it is no wond
128、er that all copies of The Rainbow were seized and burnt. The novel was not published in Britain for 11 years. More ulterior motives for this reaction against the book, perhaps, include the fear of sharpness of Lawrences openness in divulging mans inner weaknesses and the reluctance to accept the hel
129、pless dependence that is essentially materialistic in nature As the story enters the third generation, the author focuses on the most grasping character of the book. Ursula Brangwen. The first instance of Ursulas negation of Biblical teachings is her natural reaction against her younger sister. Ther
130、esa hits Ursulas other cheek-turned to her in response to the first blow. Unlike the devoted-Christian action, Ursula reacts like a normal child by shaking the wee offender in a subsequent quarrel. Ursula develops into a highly individualistic character giving her creator (Lawrence) a free hand to e
131、xplore a taboo subject: homosexuality. The gravity of Ursulas passion for her teacher Miss Winifred Inger and the description of their physical contact is aggravated by Miss Ingers negation of the falsehood of religion. (Tian Tian3)3.2 The failed relationship in The RainbowUrsulas love for the Polis
132、h young man Anton Skrebensky is D.H. Lawrences inversion of the command of dominance between patriarchal-and-matriarchal values. Ursula falls for a man from her maternal line of descent (Lydia was Polish). Lawrence renders the relationship a failure. Love-and-Power becomes Love-or-Power in Ursulas c
133、ase. The individualistic spirit of the new age, of which Ursula Brangwen is the prime representative, keeps our young heroine from following the long-established tradition of marital slavery and dependence. Ursula becomes a teacher at a school and, despite her weaknesses, persists in living on her o
134、wn instead of giving up her studies and job for her love.4. The Women in Women in Love Women in Love, a philosophical novel by D.H. Lawrence is clearly a magnificent journey through the intellectual lives of its characters. Indeed, there is a cognitive depiction of each character throughout their re
135、lationship with one another，take the relationship between Ursula and Gurdrun for example. What is more, their dispositions are further determined through the consciousness of the other characters. As Women in Love is based wholly on human relationships, it is interesting to note a type of bonding th
136、at occurs, especially between the women. However, in some cases this bonding becomes quite detached, causing a feeling of embittered resistance towards the other. By a close examination of the relationships between Ursula, Gudrun, Hermione and Winifred, this process of womanly bonding and separating
137、 will be revealed.4.1. The bonding between the Brangwen sisters, Ursula and Gudrun. While Gudrun sketches and Ursula sews, they muse about marriage. As it seems, both feel a strong inclination not to. On the other hand, both feel that they would miss something of importance, should they not. Gudrun
138、feels a strong sense of boredom claiming that Everything withers in the bud(Lawrence, Women in Love 8) and Ursula is in a state of inertia feeling the active living has been suspended(Lawrence, Women in Love,9). As the conversation on love and marriage continues, we notice a love/hate dialogue start
139、s between them. Gudrun is hostile towards her baffling sensitive sister, yet Ursula admires Gudrun with all her soul. Still, she feels a sense of suppression from Gudrun. (Tian tian 5)4.2. The difference in character between Gudrun and Ursula. Gudrun is an artist, which makes her perceptions of peop
140、le differ from Ursulas. Being an artist, Gudrun views other people as complete. In her mind they become a model, something that she can imitate and capture on paper or with clay: Gudrun watched them closely, with objective curiosity. She saw each one as a complete figure, like a character in a book,
141、 or a subject in a picture, or a marionette in a theater, a finished creation (Lawrence, Women in Love 14).This last statement reflects Gudruns point of view. It clearly portrays her broad sense of knowledge. Gudrun is able to know and categorize people at face value it seems. Further, once she has
142、decided she has them figured out, they lack any further potential for her; therefore, they become neatly put away in her mind.This last notion pertains to a final and most significant womanly bond. It is between the Brangwen sisters during the chapter Moony. At the beginning of the chapter Birkin ha
143、s just returned from the south of France. There he has spent an isolated vacation, not notifying anyone, even Ursula for that matter. Ursula begins to lose hope in their relationship and suffers severely. She is taking a walk, mulling her whole idea of existence over in her mind when she stumbles ac
144、ross Birkin. As he does not notice her, he begins a monologue, as it were, against womankind. He begins by damning Cybele, the primitive goddess of matriarchal fertility. He furthers his resentment by throwing stones at the water, attempting to destroy the reflection of the luminous moon. As Ursula
145、watches from afar, she begins to grow alarmed, frightened at Birkins destructive nature. Eventually, as Birkins stones get bigger, she is identified and bonded herself with the moon, the womanly lunar side of nature. As the moons reflection splits, Ursula suffers: Ursula was dazed, her mind was all
146、gone. She felt she had fallen to the ground and was spilled out, like water on the earth(Lawrence, Women in Love 260). Evidently, as Birkin tries to destroy the moon, he is in fact destroying the ego and dominant female power of Ursula. Ursula, was afraid that he would stone the moon again so she ma
147、kes herself known. Evidently, Birkin is trying to destroy something in himself, as well as in Ursula, so that they can achieve freedom together and share equilibrium through their relationship(Li xia4).The next day involves a marriage proposal to Ursula, on behalf of Birkin. Ursula is not present, s
148、o Birkin bestows the proposal on her father. The men end up clashing bitterly. Whats more, when Ursula arrives, she is clearly unable to give them an answer. Here, Ursula feels bullied into making a commitment, and refuses to reply. Immediately we notice a change in the character of Ursula. She beco
149、mes hard and self-completed (Lawrence, Women in Love 275). Unaware of anything else around her, she is almost mockingly triumphant, retaining a hard shelled exterior. Evidently she is glowing in her own self righteousness, radiant and pure. However she is mistrusted by everybody, and disliked on eve
150、ry hand (Women in Love 275). As it were, Ursula is becoming similar to the nature of her sister Gudrun. In addition, we learn that nobody but Gudrun can relate to her in this state: It was at these times that the intimacy between the two sisters was most complete (Women in Love 275). Hence we notice
151、 their bond beginning to take place. Perhaps this bonding occurs as a result of Birkins destruction of the feminine; the moon. Clearly, Gudrun disagrees with many of Birkins notions, and seeks to control the masculine. Therefore, it is easy for her to lure Ursula into her world against man as Ursula
152、s femininity is now wounded. Much like the previous bonds between Ursula and Hermione, Gudrun and Ursula are able to mutually chide against Birkin(Li Xia.6).Ultimately, Ursula begins to miss Birkins profound quality of life. And it seems the more Gudrun tries to convince her of Birkins wrong doings,
153、 the more Ursula begins to retreat from her sister. Perhaps it is Gudruns nature of finality and completeness that makes Ursula pull away: She finished life off so thoroughly, she made things so ugly and so final (Lawrence, Women in Love 277). Indeed, Ursula begins to feel that Gudrun philosophy of
154、Birkin is definitely false: This finality of Gudruns, this dispatching of people and things in a sentence, it was all such a lie. Ursula began to revolt from her sister (Lawrence, Women in Love 277). Their bond dissolves and once again their contrariety of character, perhaps to the farthest extent.
155、In fact, Ursula takes steps to surrender her complete love to Birkin, and becomes his humble slave of love and devotion, which is a notion that Gudrun would never consider (Lawrence, Women in Love 278). However, ultimately, Ursula refuses to become Birkins slave and they achieve equilibrium.Clearly,
156、 throughout D.H. Lawrences Women in Love, clearly shows an intellectual depiction of each characters relationship with others. Truly, these relationships include a significant amount of bonding. Moreover, there is a type of womanly bonding between the characters of Ursula, Gudrun Hermione and Winifr
157、ed. At times this bonding creates a certain intimacy between the women, However, they soon become detached from each other maintaining the differences in nature and the separate individualities of the women in Women in Love.5. Conclusion.The works of Lawrence：Sons and Lovers (1913), The Rainbow (191
158、5), and Women in Love (1920) display many female characters suffering heart hurt, solitary; and perplexity such as Mariam and Clara, Ursula, and the Brangwen sisters, Ursula and Gudrun. Mariam pursuits the love based on spirit satisfaction. But she can not communicate well with his husband, and then
159、 she has to turn to his sons. The abnormal emotion is doomed to fail. Clara who believes love is passion, and ignored communication with Paul. She did not recognize that only passion is not enough. Ursula, the only woman in Lawrences works, end with a perfect result in love. She got balance on spiri
160、tual and physical unification at last. Gudrun, a completely independent woman, is full of energy, even seeks to control the masculine. They are all the products of Capital Industrialization because the author, Lawrence, conflicted with the existing rule of Capitalist Industrialization. Therefore, th
161、e women in his works are doomed to be filled with pain, perplexity and helplessness. They have tried to change their life in order to find a harmonious way to survive. However, efforts fail in the end. Their emotions and fates are worth studying and analyzing, which helps understand better the women
162、s position and situation at that time. This understanding may also help the existing women to win and protect their love and live a loving life in the modern life.“Mr. Collins was a tall, heavy looking young man of five and twenty. His air was grave and stately, and his manners were very formal.” (J
163、ane Austen 48)“He was not a sensible man, and the deficiency of nature had been but little assistde by education or society, the greastest part of his life having been speny under the guidance of an illiterate and miserly father, and though he belonged to one of the universities, he had merely kept
164、the necessary terms, without forming at it any useful acquaintance, the subjection in which his father had brought him up had given him originally great humility of manner, but it was now a good deal counteracted by the self-conceit of a weak head, living in retirement, and the consequential feeling
165、s of early and unexpected prosperity. A fortunate chance had recommended him to lady Catherine de Bourgh when the living of Hunsford was vacant; and the respect which he felt for her high rank, and his veneration for her as his patroness, mingling with a very good opinion of himself, of his authorit
166、y as a clergyman, and his rights as a rector ,made him altogether a mixture of pride and bosequiousness, self-importance and hunility.Having now a good house and very sufficient income, he intended to marry.”(Jane Austen 2003:52) , from that vivid description we know that Mr. Collins was a conceited
167、, despicable subservient young man, he always mentions lady Catherine de Bourgh servilely. He wants to marry just because there is a weathy lady who asks him to find a wife. The lady is respected by Mr. Collins is because her a great deal of fortune, and also that is the reason why her advice is acc
168、ept so quickly and integrally by Mr. Collins. And for Mr. Collins, another reason why he thinks of matrimonial perspective now is that he has made a tolerable fortune and will inherit Mr.Bennets estate and manor. Both of these two reasons are connected with money closely. 2.2. Description of Charlot
169、te Charlotte lucass pragmatic views on marriage is very obvious in this novel, which is totally based on money. She is 27, not very beautiful, and without a considerable portion. Her decision to marry Mr. Collins accords with her pragmatic conception. “miss lucas, who accepted him solely from the pu
170、re and disinterested desire of an establishment” (Jane Austen 2003:92), “Mr. Collins to be sure was neither sensible nor agreeable; his society was irksome, and his attachment to must be imaginary. But still he woukd be her husband. Without thinkong highly either of men or of matrimony, marriage had
171、 always been her object; it was the only honourable provision for well-educated young women of small fortune, and however uncertain of biving happpiness, must be their pleasantest preservative from want. This preservative she had now obtained.” (Jane Austen 2003:93).And for sir william and his wife
172、are all very satified and joyful for this marriage, for they can not give their daughter much fortune and the marriage is eligible because of Mr. Collinss present circumstances.3. the marriage of Elizabeth and Mr. DarcyIt is well-known that it is the most ideal and perfect marriage in the book. 3.1.
173、 description of Elizabeth Elizabeth Bennets is intelligent, vivacious, humorous, perceptive and quick-witted, and she has a strong sense of personality and dignity. She first refuses Mr. Collinss proposal, for he is so silly, servile and pompous that she will not love him just because his fortune is
174、 acceptably. She also refuses Mr. Darcy for his expressing his love to her arrogantly and impertinently. We know that Elizabeths love is pure and innocent, but we can not conclude that there is no attention payed to money. She once liked Mr. Wickham, but when mrs.gardiner told her not involve hersel
175、f ,or endeavour to involve Wickham in an affection thich the want of fortune would make so very imprudent. She said: I wiil take care of myself, and of Mr. Wickham too. He shall not be in love with me, if I can prevent it. She also said that she would not let her father down. When she met Mr. Darcy
176、at Pemberley, she introduced her uncle and aunt to Mr. Darcy, “Elizabeth could not but be pleased, could not but triumph. It was consoling that he should know she had some relations gor whom there was no need to blush. She listened most attentively to all that passed between them, and gloried in eve
177、ry expression, every sentence of her uncle, which marked his intelligence, his taste or his good manners. And she thinks that Janes marriage with cordial and gentle Mr. Bingley can gain her glory, however, on the contrast, the marriage of lydia and wickham make her shameful before Mr. Darcy. Elizabe
178、ths conception of love is based on mutual understanding and self-improvement mostly, but still can not get away from the pressure stems from worldly conception of marriage.3.2. description of Mr. DarcyFrom the part of Mr. Darcy, he is weathy, and through what Mr. Darcy.Colonel Fitzwilliam, Darcys co
179、usin said that he needs not marry a lady with property since he has great fortune. But he also suffers long-time and fierce struggle in the process of acceptance of Elizabeth, for she has lower social position and lots of nidering relatives, which he, a noble, can not accept instantly. But, fortunat
180、ely, true and strong love despel those concerns. 4. ConclusionThe two marriages, the first one entirely pursues money, and the second one is the most ideal and love-based marriage, from them we can know that marrying without money is stupid, because the most sacred love will fade away with time pass
181、ing by, for another thing marrying without love must be miserable without fall. Only the marriage composing both of love and money can be successful.Bibliography1Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice M上海：上海世界图书出版公司，20032 Four different marriage Pride and Prejudice J / OL2009(6) 论文网3 Austen Jane.傲慢与偏见M.孙
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183、nbow M:Yanshan :Yanshan Publishing House 1996.Tian Tian. “The female images in Lawrences works.”J The Journal of Nanyang Normal University. 2004.Li Xia. “Abnormal Relationship between Mother and Sons.” J The Journal of Anyang Institute of Technology. 2005.Suggestion:Capitalize the first letter of subheadings1. Check the bibliography format18
