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1、1学校：学校： 华东交通大学华东交通大学姓名：姓名： 胡思霞胡思霞学号：学号： 20120110070206专业：建筑环境与能源应用工程专业：建筑环境与能源应用工程2COMMERCIAL AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS商业和公共建筑商业和公共建筑This chapter contains technical, environmental, and design considerations to assist the design engineer in the proper application of HVAC systems and equipment for commerci
2、al and public building本章包含了技术、环境、设计注意事项，协助设计工程师在商业和公共建筑中合理应本章包含了技术、环境、设计注意事项，协助设计工程师在商业和公共建筑中合理应 用暖通空调系统和设备。用暖通空调系统和设备。OFFICE BUILDINGS办公建筑办公建筑 General Design Considerations一般设计条例一般设计条例Despite cyclical market fluctuations, office buildings are considered the most complex and competitive segments of
3、real estate development. Survey data of 824 000 office buildings (EIA 2003) demonstrate the distribution of the U.S. office buildings by the numbers and the area, as shown in Table 1.According to Gause (1998), an office building can be divided into the following categories:尽管市场周期性的波动，写字楼依然被认为是最复杂和最具
4、竞争力的房地产开发领域。 824 000 个办公楼调查数据（EIA 2003）中的数目和地区显示了美国办公建筑的分布，如表 1 所示。根据高斯（1998） ，办公楼可分为以下几类：Class. The most basic feature, class represents the buildings quality by taking into account variables such as age, location, building materials, building systems, amenities, lease rates, etc. Office buildings
5、are of three classes: A, B, and C. Class A is generally the most desirable building, located in the most desirable locations, and offering first-rate design, building systems, and amenities. Class B buildings are located in good locations, have little chance of functional obsolescence, and have reas
6、onable management. Class C buildings are typically older, have not been modernized, are often functionally obsolete, and may contain asbestos. These low standards make Class C buildings potential candidates for demolition or conversion to another use等级。最基本的功能，等级代表建筑的质量，考虑到各种变量，如年龄，位置，建筑 材料，建筑系统，设施，租
7、赁率等。办公楼有三类：A，B，和 C。A 类一般是最理想的建 筑，位于最理想的位置，并提供一流的设计，建筑系统和设施。B 类建筑位于很好的位置， 有功能性贬值的机会很小，并有合理的管理。C 类建筑通常是旧的，没有现代化，往往是 功能性废弃，并可能含有石棉。这些低水平的建筑有可能被拆除或转换为另一种用途 Size and Flexibility. Office buildings are typically grouped into three categories: high rise (16 stories and above), mid rise (four to 15 stories),
8、 and low rise (one to three stories) Location. An office building is typically in one of three locations: downtown (usually high rises), suburban (low- to mid-rise buildings), or business/industrial park (typically one- to three story buildings).尺寸和灵活性。办公楼通常分为三类：高层（16 层和以上） ，中高层（四至 15 层） ， 低层（一至三层）位
9、置。办公楼通常在三个地点之一：市中心（通常是高层建筑，郊区 （低到中高层建筑） ，或商业/工业园区（通常是一到三层楼） 。3Floorplate(Floor Space Area). Size typically ranges from 1670 to 2800 m2 and averages from 1860 to 2320 m2.地板（地板面积） 。大小通常为 1670 至 2800 平方米，平均为 1860 至 2320 平方米。 Use and ownership .Office buildings can be single tenant or multitenant .A sin
10、gle-tenant building can be owned by the tenant or leased from a landlord. From an HVAC HVAC systems such as single-zone constant- volume, water-source heat pump, and packaged terminal air conditioners (PTACs) might be inapplicable to this class, whereas properly designed variable-air-volume (VAV) sy
11、stems can meet these requirement.办公室空调系统通常包括小型、单一、分散冷却和加热系统，以及大型中央工厂（冷5水机组、冷却塔、锅炉等）和大型空气处理系统。通常，在办公建筑中会因为特殊要求而 使用连续运行、辅助冷却的空调系统。办公建筑的等级也会影响空调系统的选择。例如， 在一个甲级写字楼，空调制冷系统必须满足更严格的标准，包括个人的热量控制，噪声， 和灵活性；暖通空调系统如单区体积不变系统，水源热泵系统，和封装终端空调（pTACs） 可能不适用于这类建筑，而适当的设计变风量（VAV）系统可以满足这些需求。 Design Criteria A typical HVA
12、C design criteria covers parameters required for thermal comfort, indoor air quality (IAQ), and sound. Thermal comfort parameters (temperature and humidity)are discussed in ASHRAE Standard 55-2010 and Chapter 9 of the 2009 ASHRAE Handbook- Fundamentals. Ventilation and IAQ are covered by ASHRAE Stan
13、dard 62.1-2010, the users manual for that standard (ASHRAE 2010), and Chapter 16 of the 2009 ASHRAE Handbook- Fundamentals. Sound and vibration are discussed in Chapter 48 of this volume and Chapter 8 of the 2009 ASHRAE Handbook Fundamental设计准则设计准则 一个典型的设计标准涵盖了热舒适要求的参数，室内空气质量（IAQ）和声音。热舒 适性参数（温度和湿度）在
14、 ASHRAE 标准中的 55-2010 和 2009 ASHRAE 的基础手册第 9 章 中有介绍。通风与室内空气品质在 ASHRAE 标准 62.1-2010，标准的用户手册（ASHRAE 2010） ，和 2009 ASHRAE 基础手册第 16 章中介绍。声音和振动在这卷中的第 8 章和 2009 ASHRAE 基础手册第 48 章介绍。Thermal comfort is affected by air temperature, humidity, air velocity, and mean radiant temperature (MRT), as well as nonenvi
15、ronmental factors such as clothing, gender, age, and physical activity. These variables and how they correlate to thermal comfort can be evaluated by the Thermal Comfort ToolD (ASHRAE 1997) in conjunction with ASHRAE Standard 55. General guidelines for temperature and humidity applicable for areas i
16、n office buildings are shown in Table 2热舒适性是受空气温度、湿度、空气流速和平均辐射温度（MRT）的影响，以及非环 境因素如性别、年龄、服饰、和体育活动。这些变量和热舒适的关系可以从舒适热评估工 具（ASHRAE 1997）与 ASHRAE 标准 55 卷中知道。总指南中适用于办公建筑区域的温度和 湿度的一般准则如表 2All office, administration, and support areas need outdoor air for ventilation. Outdoor air is introduced to occupied areas and then exhausted by fans or exhaust openings, removing indoor air pollutants generated by occupants and any other building-related sources. AS
