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1、吉首大学硕士学位论文湖南省龙山县他砂汉语语法研究姓名：鲁美艳申请学位级别：硕士专业：汉语言文字学指导教师：李启群20100521摘 要 第 页 i摘 要 摘 要 他砂汉语是湖南省龙山县他砂乡土家族双语人使用的汉语，即土家族双语人在墟场、学校等公共场合同汉族人交际时所使用的汉语。从语言的总体面貌上看，这种汉语与当地汉族人说的汉语相似，但由于语言的使用者是同时还在使用着土家语的土家族，而与土家语有着千丝万缕的联系。 本文以他砂汉语语法为研究对象，运用静态描写、比较分析等方法从共时角度对他砂汉语语法系统进行研究。通过对他砂汉语语法特点的描写，揭示其规律及形成原因。 本文分词法和句法两部分。 词法部分
2、描写了他砂汉语的重叠、词缀、体貌系统以及有特色的虚词等内容。他砂汉语在词法上与官话1有很多相同点，但也存在着一些差异，如重叠法中动词（形容词）的“V/Ali?V/A”式、量词的“AA+x ?x ?”重叠式，词缀“崽崽”的特殊用法，体貌系统中表欲行体的“V+xu”、表将持续体的“V+倒+xu”、表将完成体的“V+完+xu”以及四类特色虚词。通过与土家语的对比分析，我们发现大部分与官话有差异的现象都能在土家语中找到类似的用法。 句法部分是从特殊语序、比较句和“去来”句三个方面来进行描写的。他砂汉语语序呈 SOV 句型特征，如宾语前置，数量短语、形容词作定语置于中心语之后，表处所或情状的状语置于能愿
3、动词或否定副词之前，副词“在 tai?”置于谓语之后； 比较句的比项 （甲） 在被比项 （乙） 之后的语序， 句末使用比较标记 “些” ，用“越ko?越”“一路”等词语或用夸张的说法构成比较句，形成了“乙+甲+A/VP+些” “乙+甲+A+MP（些）” “越ko?越+A/VP” “甲+乙+一路+一样+A/VP”“甲+A/VP+的+没得”等较特殊的比较句句型；“去来”句中“去来”一词语音形式是汉语的，但语义及语法功能却是土家语的。 他砂汉语语法特点概括起来主要有三点：一是土家语语法形式及单位的直接借用， 如重叠法中的 “V/Ali?V/A” 式， 表欲行体的 “xu” ， 虚词 “p? （也）”
4、“po?（对、给）”“ai?li?（然后）”以及 SOV 语序模式等；二是土家语、汉语混杂，即语法单位既有来自土家语的也有来自汉语的，如量词重叠加助词x?x? /x?li ?表遍指的用法，体貌系统的 “V+倒+xu”“V+完+xu”格式以及副词“一向li?”“一下li?”的构成等；三是语法单位的形式是汉语的，而语法意义和功能却与土家语相对应，如词缀“崽崽”、介词“一路”、动词“去来”等。 本文所指的官话包括普通话和周围汉族人说的西南官话。 第 页 ii本文得出的结论是：他砂汉语的语法存在着诸多迥异于官话的现象，土家语的影响是导致这些现象产生的最主要的原因。土、汉双语人说汉语时受着母语句法规则的
5、影响和制约。 关键词：他砂汉语；语法；描写；比较；土家语 第 页 iiiABSTRACT ABSTRACT Tasha dialect is a dialect used by Tujia bilingual people who also speak Tujia in Tasha rural township, Longshan county, Hunan province, which means that Tujia bilingual people communicate with Han people in dialect in markets, schools and other
6、public places. Although its general appearance is similar to that of Chinese dialect spoken by Han people around Tujia minority, many of its structures are different from those of Chinese, for its language speakers are all Tujia who still speak Tujia. So Tasha dialect is much related to Tujia langua
7、ge. This paper has studied the synchronic grammatical system of Tasha dialect with an aim to reveal its laws and how it formed, adopting depicting and comparing methods. This paper consists of two parts, which are lexicon and syntax. The lexicon includes word reduplication, affixations, an aspectual
8、 system and some characteristic particles. The lexicon of Tasha dialect has many similarities to that of Chinese, but there are also some differences, such as verbal(adjectival) reduplication of “V/Ali?V/A”, classifier reduplication of “AA+x ?x ?”, the special usage of the suffix “崽崽”, the structure
9、s of “V+xu” “V+倒+xu” “V+完+xu” in the aspectual system and four types of characteristic particles. We found most of the exceptional phenomena which are different from Chinese exist in Tujia through comparing. The syntax includes special sentence structures, comparative sentence and special “去来” sente
10、nce. The basic word order in Tasha dialect is SOV(subject- object- verb), and other special structures are classifier phrases and adjectives coming after qualified words, locative and modal phrases as adverbials after modal verbs or negative adverbs, adverb “在 tai?” after predicates. The comparative
11、 sentence structure of comparison reference “甲” coming after comparison reference “乙”, comparing mark “些” coming at the end of the sentence, using of “越ko?越” “一路” and exaggeration caused to form the following structures: “乙+甲+A/VP+些” “乙+甲+A+MP” “越ko?越+A/VP” “甲+乙+一路+一样+A/VP” “甲+A/VP+的+没得”. Although t
12、he phonology of “去来” is Chinese, it is more like Tujia in semantics and grammatical function. The grammatical characteristics of Tasha dialect can be summarized as follows: 1. The grammatical forms and units are directly borrowed from Tujia, such as the verbal(adjectival) reduplication of “V/Ali?V/A
13、”, the particle “xu” indicating future aspect, particles “p? ”“po?”“ai?li?” and the SOV word order; ABSTRACT 第 页 iv2.The mixture of Tujia and Chinese, which means some grammatical forms and units are from Tujia, and the others are from Chinese, such as classifier reduplication of “AA+x ?x ?”, the st
14、ructures of “V+倒+xu” “V+完+xu” of the aspectual system and the constitution of the adverbs “一向li?”“一下li?”; 3. The grammatical forms and units are Chinese while their semantics and functions are consistent with Tujia, such as the suffix “崽崽”, the preposition “一路” and the verb “去来”. A conclusion is dra
15、wn based on the analyses above: the grammar of Tasha dialect has many differences from Chinese, and it is mainly because of the influence of Tujia. When Tujia bilingual people speak Chinese, they are always interrupted by the syntactic laws of Tujia. Key words: Tasha dialect; grammar; description; c
16、omparison; Tujia language 独 创 性 声 明 本人声明所呈交的论文是我个人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。尽我所知，除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果，也不包含为获得吉首大学或其它教育机构的学位或证书而使用过的材料。与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。 研究生签名： 时间： 年 月 日 关于论文使用授权的说明 本人完全了解吉首大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，即：学校有权保留送交论文的复印件和磁盘，允许论文被查阅和借阅，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存、汇编学位论文。同意吉首大学
