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1、高顿财经 ACCAACCAF4 公司法与商法内容解析本文由高顿 ACCA 整理发布，转载请注明出处Session 3 Types of cost and cost behaviorMain contents:1. Classifying costs2. Cost objects, cost and cost centers3. Analysis of costs into fixed and variable elements3.1 Classifying costsCosts can be classified in a number of different ways: Element c
2、osts are classified as materials, labor or expenses （overheads） Nature costs are classified as being direct or indirect.a. Direct cost is expenditure that can be directly identified with a specific cost unit or cost center.（1）。 Direct material is all material becoming part of the product unless used
3、 in negligible amount and/or having negligible cost. （component parts, part finished work and primary packing material）（2）。 Direct wages are wages paid for labor either as basic hours or as overtime expensed on the product line.（3）。 Direct expense are any expense which are incurred on a specified pr
4、oduct other than direct material and direct labor.b. Indirect costs/ overheads; are expenditure that can not be directly identified with a specific unit or cost center and must be shared out on an equitable basis.高顿财经 ACCA Behavior costs are classified as being fixed, variable, semi-variable or step
5、ped fixed.a. Fixed costs: are costs that are not affected in total by the level of activity, but remain the same.b. Variable costs: are the costs that change in total in direct proportion to the level of activity.c. Semi-variable/semi-fixed/mixed costs: are costs which contain both fixed and variabl
6、e components and so it partly affected by changes in the level of activity.d. Step costs: are fixed in nature but only within certain level of activity. Function: costs are classified as being production or non-production costs.e. Production costs: are costs included in a stock valuation. The produc
7、t cost is the cost of making or buying.f. Period costs （general cost）： are costs that are not attributed to product costs, but instead are treated as a cost of the time period when they arise. Other cost classification:Avoidable cost: cost which can be eliminated by changing operationsUnavoidable co
8、st: cost which will not be changed by decision making.Controllable cost: those cost controllable by a particular manager in a given period.Uncontrollable cost: any cost that can not be affected by management within a given period.COST MODEL: $Direct material: 2高顿财经 ACCADirect labor 3Direct expense 1
9、 Direct cost 6Production overhead （Note） 1Total production cost 7Administration Overhead 1Selling and distribution Overhead 1 Total cost 9Note: Production overhead includes indirect material, indirect labor and indirect expense.3.2 Analyzing costs:Cost objects: a cost object is any activity for whic
10、h a separate measurement of cost is undertaken.Cost units: a cost unit is a unit of product or service in relation to which costs are ascertainedResponsibility centers: a department whose performance is the direct responsibility of a specific manager.The main responsibility centers are: Cost center
11、the performance of a cost center manager is judged on the extent to which cost targets have been achieved. Revenue center Within an organization, this is a centre or activity that earns sales revenue. And whose manager is responsible for the revenue earned but not for the costs incurred. Profit cent
12、er a part of the business whose manager is responsible and accountable for both costs and revenue. The performance of a profit center manager is measured in terms of the profit made by the centre.高顿财经 ACCA Investment centre a profit centre with additional responsibility for investment and possibly a
13、lso for financing, and whose performance is measured by its return on capital employed.（ROCE）。Cost equations:Equation of a straight lineThe equation of a straight line is a linear function and is represented by the following equation:Y = a + bxTotal cost = Total FC + Total VCY= a + bx Y = total cost a = the fixed cost for the given period b = the variable cost per unit x = the number of units of activityCost graphsCost and revenue $更多 ACCA 资讯请关注高顿 ACCA 官网：http:/高顿财经 ACCA
