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1、新编新编 MPA 英语英语 阅读教程阅读教程Unit 1 Defining Public Administration Text A Public Administration 1. The occupational sector, enterprises, and activities having to do with the formulation and implementation of policy of governmental and other public programs and the management of organizations and activities
2、 involved. 2. The academic field concerned with the study of, improvement of, and training for the activities mentioned in 1. 公共管理是(1)与政府和其他公共部门的政策制定和实施以及与相关组织和活动的管理有关的职业部 门、企业和活动。(2)涉及对上述活动进行研究、改进和培训的学术领域。Public administration refers to two distinguishable but closely related activities: (1) a prof
3、essional practice (vocation, occupation, field of activity), and (2) an academic field as well as to train individuals for that practice. 公共管理涉及两种明显不同但又紧密联系的活动：(1)职业领域(职业、工作、活动领域)，以及(2)致 力于了解、发展、批评和提高这种职业实践和为个人提供这种职业培训的学术领域。The simple meaning of the term is quite direct: it refers on the one hand to
4、 the administration or management of matters which have principally to do with the society, polity, and its subparts which are not essentially private, familial, commercial, or individualistic, and on the other hand to the disciplined study of such matters. 这个术语的简单含义是非常直接的：一方面，它指主要与社会、政治组织以及其分支有关的事务
5、管 理，而这些分支基本上不是私人、家庭、商业和个人的。另一方面，它指对这些事务的严谨研究。In this simplest meaning, public administration has to do with managing the realm of governmental and other public activities. This simple definition conveys the essence of public administration and probably covers the vast majority of activities and conc
6、erns of contemporary public administration. 就其最简单的意义而言，公共管理涉及政府和其他公共活动的管理。这个简单的定义表达了公共管 理的本质，也很可能包含了当代公共管理的大部分问题和活动。Such a simple view, though, needs modification to account for at least two important considerations: 可是如此简单的观点也需要加以修改才能说明至少两个重要的问题。First, it must be recognized that professional manage
7、ment of the publics affairs involves not only management in the narrowest sense (keeping the books, handling personnel decisions, implementing decisions which have been made elsewhere in the politico-socio-economic systems, etc.), but also significantly involves the planning, formulating, modifying,
8、 and urging of goals and purposes of much of public affairs. 首先，必须承认公共事务 的职业化管理不仅涉及最狭义的管理(文档的保存、人事决定的做出以及 政治经济社会系统做出的各种决策的实施） ，在很大程度上，它也涉及计划、制定、修改以及促成多数 公共事务目标和目的。Second, it must be recognized that some matters of public administration are handled in ways which are not purely private but also are no
9、t precisely government. 其次，必须承认有些公共管理事件的处理方式既不是纯粹私人化的，也不是完全政府式的。The first considerationthat public administration is involved in the substance of policy as well as the implementation of policy decisionsis frequently alluded to with terms such as the demise of the politics-administration dichotomy, t
10、he impossibility of value-free public administration, and the need for proactivity by public administrators. 第一个需要考虑的问题是，公共管理涉及政策的实质和政策决定的实施。它经常和政治与行政 二 分法的死亡、无价值公共管理的不可能性以及对公共管理者的能动性要求这样的术语一起出现， 被人 们谈论。These terms reflect the widespread, though not universal, belief or allegation that it is no long
11、er, if ever it was, defensible to interpret public administration as solely involved in technically objective solutions or in the neutral implementation of decisions made by nonadministrative parts of the political system (e.g., partisan leadership; electoral processes; party processes; partisan bar
12、gaining; and parliamentary, legislative, and judicial institutions). 这些术语反映了一种虽未普遍认同但广为传播的观点或主张，这种观点或主张认为把 公共管理仅 看做技术上的客观解决方案或政治系统非管理部门（例如，党派领导，选举程序，政党 作用，党派交 涉，以及议会、立法和司法机构）决策的中立执行，即使过去站得住脚，现在也是不可能的。This belief and related understandings have led to significant public administration attention to po
13、licy and policy process. 这种观点和相关的理解在很大程度上把公共管理注意力引向了政策和政策程序。Some have felt a need for a rubric which emphasizes such a policy focus and which might also encompass or indicate receptivity to areas of studies which are closely related (e.g., planning, urban affairs, economic analysis, public policy an
14、alysis), and terms such as public affairs are sometimes used for this purpose. 有些人认为需要一个说明，这个说明强调政治重点，也可能包含或显示对密切相关的研究领域（例 如计划、城市事务、经济分析、公共政策分析）和术语的接受能力，像公共事务这样的术语有时就被用 于此目的。In general, though, public administration still functions as the umbrella term throughout the world, though it must be realize
15、d that the term implies a broader range of concerns and activities than the narrow meaning of management or administration may convey. 总体来说，在世界范围内公共管理仍然作为一个总括的术语来使用，但是必须认识到的是， 这个 术语所包含的问题与行为比管理或行政的简单意思所传达的要更加宽泛。The second considerationthat not all public administration occurs in and through governme
16、ntal organizationsalso has led to a broadening of the meaning of public administration. 第二个需要考虑的问题是，并非所有的公共管理都是在政府组织中或通过政府组织发生的。这就扩 展了公共管理的含义。At various times in the past of public administration it has seemed that its essence and activities could be identified by referring to nonmarket approaches to social purposes, but this perspective has been mitigated by the recognition that public programs and benefits could be developed through and provided
